Reading Comprehension through Syntax

ﺻﻴﻒﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﯼ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﻓﻌﻞ ، ﺻﻔﺖ ، ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﯼ را ﺗ: ﻗﻴﺪ
 tcnujdA
ﻗﻴﻮد زﻣﺎن ، ﻣﮑﺎن ، ﺗﮑﺮار ، درﺟﻪ و .ﻗﻴﻮ د ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺟﺰو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﺻﻠﯽ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻓﻌﻞ را ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ
 .ﺣﺎﻟﺖ از اﻳﻦ دﺳﺖ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ
651 
 tcnujnoC
 :ﻣﺜﻞ. ﻗﻴﺪ هﺎﻳﯽ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﻳﮏ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻮط ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ: ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻗﻴﻮد اﺗﺼﺎل
 revewoh ,hguohtlA
 )snoitcejretnI(tcnujsiD
 .ﻗﻴﻮدﯼ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﮕﺮش ﻳﺎ ارزﺷﻴﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دهﻨﺪ
 .laem nwo ym rof diap I ,yllarutaN
 .yletanutrofnu ,laem nwo ym rof yap ot dah I
 selcitrap brevdA
ﺣﺮﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁن ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ و اﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁن ﺣﺮف ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﯽ : ﺣﺮف ﻗﻴﺪ 
 : ﻣﺜﻞ. ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ
 !tuo teG
 noitisoppA
 :ﻣﺜﻞ. ﺘﻨﺪوارﻩ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﯽ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ دارﻧﺪ ﺑﺪل هﻢ هﺴ وﻗﺘﯽ دو ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ، ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ: ﺑﺪل
 .em htiw levart lliw ,nosliW neleH ,retsis yM
 elcitrA
زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ هﻴﭻ ﻧﻮع . ﻳﺪ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ و ﻧﮑﺮﻩ ﺑﻮدن ﺁﻧﺮا ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪﺁﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﯼ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺳﻢ ﻣﯽ : ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
 )ن اﺳﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺁﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﯽ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺳﻢ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺁﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ nuon elcitrA oreZ( ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﯽ
 :ﺳﺎﻣﯽ اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽا
 .gnipeels ekil staC
 .latem suoicerp a si revliS
 sevitcejdA evitubirttA
 :ﺻﻔﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺳﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ .koob doog A
 sevitcejda evitaciderP
 :ﺻﻔﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺳﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ .doog yrev saw koob ehT
 sbreV yrailixuA
 :ﺎر ﻣﯽ رود و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدهﺎﯼ زﻳﺮ را داردﻓﻌﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﮑ: ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ 
 : اﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﻤﮑﯽ دو ﻧﻮع هﺴﺘﻨﺪ. وﺟﻪ، ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺑﻮدن، زﻣﺎن ، ﺷﺨﺺ 
 :ﻣﺜﻞ. ﺁﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ زﻣﺎن و ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ
 od/evah/eB
751 
 :ﻣﺜﻞ. و ﺁﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ
 )sladom( yam/nac/lliW
 esualC
ﻏﻴﺮ ) ﻳﮏ واﺣﺪ دﺳﺘﻮرﯼ را ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪو داراﯼ ﻧﻬﺎد و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮوهﯽ از ﮐﻠﻤﺎت هﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ: ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ
 .ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﻢ، ﺻﻔﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ را ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮد.هﺴﺘﻨﺪ( ﻣﺼﺪرﯼ
 esarhP
: ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻬﺎ را ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺷﺎن ﻧﺎم ﮔﺬارﯼ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ .ﻋﺒﺎرت ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﺪارد: ﻋﺒﺎرت
 .ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﯽ و ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻓﻌﻠﯽ
 secnetneS tfelC
در . اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼت ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺎﮐﻴﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ. ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ دو ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﮐﻪ هﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺧﻮد را دارد: ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ
 . اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼت از ﻧﻬﺎد ﮐﺎذب اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد
 .ot sserd eht evag htimS .srM taht yraM saw tI
 . ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺻﻮل اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮدﺟﻤﻼت ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ ﮐﺎذب هﻢ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ در ﺁﻧﻬﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ هﺎﻳﯽ
 .deen I tahw si yadiloh doog A
 .yadiloh doog a si deen I tahW
 esualc evitarapmoC
 . ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ اﻳﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁن ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد: ﺳﯽﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارﻩ ﻗﻴ
 sa...sa/ nahT . در اﺑﺘﺪاﯼ اﺳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وار هﺎ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ
 .si nhoJ naht rellat hcum si moT
 .seod anoiF sa yltaen sa etirw t’nseod enaJ
 tnemelpmoC
ﻣﺘﻤﻢ ﺟﺰو ارﮐﺎن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع . ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﻌﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ و ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺁﻧﺮا ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ: ﻣﺘﻤﻢ
 :زﻳﺮﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
 .rotcod a si ehS ----------- :tnemelpmoc tcejbuS
 .nosrepriahc eht reh edam eW -------------- :tnemelpmoc tcejbO
 .emoc nac uoy taht dalg ma I ----------:tnemelpmoc evitcejdA
 .od ot tahw tuoba deugra yehT----------- :tnemelpmoc lanoitisoperP
851 
 ecnetnes xelpmoC
 .ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻼوﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ، ﻳﮏ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺮو دارد
 .edisni tnew ew ,deniar ti nehW
 ecnetnes dnuopmoC
 .ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﯼ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ هﻢ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ اﺳﺖ: ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ
 .eton a uoy dnes lliw I ro uoy enohp rehtie ll’I
 lanoitidnoC
 ﻧﻮﻋﯽ وﺟﻪ : ﺷﺮط edoM/dooM . اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺿﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻮرﯼ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﯽ ﺁورد
 noitcnujnoC
 :ﻣﺜﻞ. ﺑﺮاﯼ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﮑﺎر ﻣﯽ روﻧﺪ: ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ
 fi sa /sa gnol sa/taht os/dna/tuB
 :دو ﻧﻮع ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ وﺟﻮد دارد
 . ﻣﻮاردﯼ ﮐﻪ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ را ﺑﻪ هﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ
 .klaw a rof tnew I tub deniar tI
 :ﻤﻠﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪاﻳﯽ را ﭘﻴﺮو ﺟ ﻣﻮاردﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
 .gniyl saw eh taht wenk I
 .kcolc’o 4 ta sinnet yalp ll’ew ,sniar ti sselnU
 alupoC/brev gnikniL
 .ﻓﻌﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ اﺳﻢ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﻢ رﺑﻂ دهﺪ:ﻓﻌﻞ رﺑﻄﯽ
 .kcis si eH
 .diarfa dekool ehS
 evitartsnomeD
 :ﻣﺜﻞ. ﭼﻴﺰﯼ را ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ دورﯼ و ﻧﺰدﻳﮑﯽ: اﺳﻢ اﺷﺎرﻩ
 esoht ,eseht ,taht , sihT
951 
 renimreteD
 :ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت زﻳﺮ. ﮐﻠﻤﻪ اﯼ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ اﺳﻢ ﺑﮑﺎر ﻣﯽ رودو ﻣﻌﻨﯽ اﺳﻢ را ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ: ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ 
 :ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ( اﻟﻒ
 nedrag eht ,licnep A 
 :ﺻﻔﺖ اﺷﺎرﻩ( ب
 yob siht ,rac tahT
 :ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻠﮑﯽ( ج
 esuoh reH
 : ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﺪار( د
 klim emoS
 : اﻋﺪاد( ﻩ
 sriahc eerhT
 evitagen elbuoD
 .در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ دو ﺟﺰ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ در ﻳﮏ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﮑﺎر ﻧﻤﯽ رود: ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ
 .gnihton ees reven I
 .ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪاﻧﻴﻢ اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﺪارد و اﮔﺮ در ﻟﻬﺠﻪ هﺎﯼ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رود ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮاﯼ ﺗﺎﮐﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ
 breV etiniF
 :ﻣﺜﻼ. ﻓﻌﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ زﻣﺎن و ﺷﺨﺺ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دهﺪ: ﺨﺺﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺸ
 .evael ot tnaw eW
 hceepS lamroF
 .ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﻩ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﻠﻤﺎت و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ هﺎ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺪ هﺎﯼ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ: ﮐﻼم رﺳﻤﯽ
 noitcnuF
ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮان . اهﺪاف ﮐﻼم هﺴﺘﻨﺪدر ﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ، ﻋﺬر ﺧﻮاهﯽ ، ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ، ﺗﻌﺎرﻓﺎت ، . هﺪف ﮐﻼم را ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁن ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ
 :زﺑﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ دارد.اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼت را ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت ﮐﻠﻴﺸﻪ اﻳﯽ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ
 evitpircseD
 ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﯽ
 evisserpxE
 ﺑﻴﺎن اﺣﺴﺎس
 laicoS
 ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ زﺑﺎن هﻤﺎن : اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ noitcnuF . اﺳﺖ
 160
Gerund 
 ﺑ ار ﻢﺳا ﺶﻘﻧ و ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا نﺁ ﻪﺑﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ ﯼزﺎ. ING رﺪﺼﻣ ﻢﺳا :ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﻌﻓ 
Swimming is good for you. 
I like swimming. 
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻳز مﺎﺴﻗا زا ﯽﮑﻳ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﻴﻣ : ING ﺎﺑ ﻞﻌﻓ 
 ﻊﻤﺟ ﯽﻤﺳا ﺮه ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ و ﺖﺳا رﺪﺼﻣ ﻢﺳا ، ﺖﺧﺎﺳ FOR 1- ﺎﺑ ار ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺮﮔا 
دﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ ﺎﻳ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ. 
I need an ironing board. 
I need an ironing board for ironing. 
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩدﺮﺑ رﺎﮑﺑ ﯼراﺮﻤﺘﺳا نﺎﻣز رد ﻞﻌﻓ ،دﺮﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ : Which is ﺎﺑ ار VERB+ING 2- ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺮﮔا 
I saw a burning house.---------------->I saw a house which was burning. 
I need an ironing board.------------------------>I need a board which is ironing.(incorrect) 
 ﯽﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺖﻔﺻ ، دور رﺎﮑﺑ دﻮﻴﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا. VERB+ING 3-ﺮﮔا 
I read an interesting book.----------->I read a very interesting book. 
I need an ironing board--------------->I need a very ironing board.(incorrect) 
I saw a burning house.--------->I saw a very burning house.(incorrect) 
Idiom 
حﻼﻄﺻا :ﺪﻳﺁ ﯽﻤﻧ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ نﺁ ﯼاﺰﺟا ﮏﺗ ﮏﺗ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﯼور زا نﺁ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳاﺰﺠﻣ ﺪﺣاو .ﻼﺜﻣ: 
He washed his hands of the matter. 
ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ ﯼرﺎﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳد وا ﯽﻨﻌﻳ. 
Impersonal Construction 
دﺎﻬﻧ نوﺪﺑ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ:ﺪﻳﺁ ﯽﻤﻧ نﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻬﻧ زا ﯼﺮﮐذ ﺢﺿاو رﻮﻄﺑ نﺁ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻋﻮﻧ .ﻞﺜﻣ : 
It’s cold. 
ﺖﺳاﻮه . it زا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ 
Infinitive 
رﺪﺼﻣ : ﻞﻌﻓ ﺺﺨﺷ و نﺎﻣز نوﺪﺑﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ﯽﻣ ار. 
161 
 reifisnetnI
ﯼ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و ﺻﻔﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ. ﻗﻴﺪﯼ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاﯼ ﻗﻴﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪن ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﺪ: ﻗﻴﺪ درﺟﻪ
ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ او ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﻣﺮدﻩ " . ﻣﺮدﻩ"ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻔﺖ. ﮔﻴﺮد ﻗﺎﻧﻮن هﻤﻪ ﻳﺎ هﻴﭻ ﺑﺮ ﺁن ﺣﺎﮐﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻗﻴﺪ درﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﯽ
 .ﻳﺎ او ﮐﻤﯽ ﻣﺮدﻩ اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ او ﻣﺮد ﺑﺴﻴﺎر درﺳﺘﮑﺎرﯼ اﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ او ﮐﻤﯽ درﺳﺘﮑﺎر اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺖ
 .doog yrev si koob ehT
 reifidoM
ﻋﺒﺎرات هﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع اﻳﻦ ﮐﺎر در . اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﯼ در ﻣﻮرد ﮐﻠﻤﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﯽ دهﻨﺪﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوهﯽ از ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮐﻪ 
 . و وﺻﻔﯽ رخ ﻣﯽ دهﺪ ، ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ،اﺳﻤﯽ
 liat ypmuts a htiw tac ehT
 aremac evisnepxe sihT
 dooM
 :ﺷﮑﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ وﺟﻮهﯽ را ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﯽ ﺁورد ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ: وﺟﻪ
 evitacidnI
 ﺧﺒﺮﯼ و ﭘﺮﺳﺸﯽ
 evitarepmI
 اﻣﺮﯼ 
 evitcnujbuS
 ﺷﺮﻃﯽ
 tcejbO
 . اﺳﻤﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺿﻤﻴﺮﯼ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺘﻌﺪﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻳﺪو ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖﻩ اﺳﻢ ، ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وار
 .هﻨﮕﺎم ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل هﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ و هﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻬﺎد ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮد
 hpargaraP
 . ﺷﺪﻩ اﺳﺖواﺣﺪ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ 
 hceeps fo straP
 :ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد: ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﯽ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ هﺎ
 ﻣﻌﻨﺎ-1
 ﺷﮑﻞ-2
 ﻋﻤﻞ-3
 162
Perfect 
ﺷ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نﺎﻣز زا ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣﺮدﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﮕﻳد تﻼﻤﺟ و ﻂﻳا . ﺎﻳ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ لﺎﺣ نﺎﻣز ﻞﺜﻣ
ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﯽﺿﺎﻣ. 
Phrasal verb 
ﻗ ﺪﻨﭼ لﺎﻌﻓاﯽﺘﻤﺴ : ﯽﻨﻌﻣ و ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﻞﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ فوﺮﺣ ﺎﺠﻨﻳا ردﺁﺪﻨهد ﯽﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ اﺮﻧ. 
Turn off the light. 
Turn it off. 
Proper noun 
دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ قﻼﻃا صﺎﺧ ﯽﺷ ﺎﻳ ، ﻞﺤﻣ ، دﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻤﺳا. 
Stative verb 
ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻌﻓا .ﻞﺜﻣ: 
Believe, have, belong, contain, cost, differ, own 
Verb 
ﺖﺳا ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ و ،داﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻪﺟو ، نﺎﻣز ﻢﻴهﺎﻔﻣ ﯼاراد و ﺖﺳا ﺮﺒﺧ ﺎﻳ ﻩراﺰﮔ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ. 
Tom and Mary are called to attend the interview. 
زا ﺪﻨﺗﺎﺒﻋ ﻞﻌﻓ عاﻮﻧا:
active 
perfective 
progressive 
auxiliary 
dummy 
modal 
passive 
base form 
copular 
ditransitive 
-ed participle 
helping (auxiliary) 
infinitive form 
inflection 
-ing participle 
lexical (main) 
nonfinite 
semi-auxiliary 
verb phrase 
 163
Verb Phrase 
ﺖﺳا ﻩﺪﺷ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ترﺎﺒﻋ زا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ود : ﯼاراد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﮑﻤﮐ و ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ ﯼاراد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ
ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯼﺎه ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ و ﺎه ﻢﻤﺘﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﮐ و ﯽﮑﻤﮐ و ﯽﻠﺻا ﻞﻌﻓ. 
*A phrase consisting of a verb and its auxiliaries, as should be done in the sentence 
The students should be done with the exam by noon. 
*A phrase consisting of a verb, its auxiliaries, its complements, and other modifiers, 
as should be done with the exam by noon in the sentence The students should be 
done with the exam by noon. 
Voice 
ﺎﻨﺑ : دﺎﻬﻧ و ﻞﻌﻓ طﺎﺒﺗرا) ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﺎﻳ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ (ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ ار. عﻮﻧ ود لﻮﻬﺠﻣ و مﻮﻠﻌﻣ"ﺎﻨﺑ "ﺪﻨﺘﺴه. 
 164
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University Press. 1991 
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2002 
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Usage, University College London 1996-1998 . 
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In the name of God 
Reading Comprehension 
through Syntax 
By 
Dr. Mitra Ahmad Soltani 
Tehran 
Iran 
2007