Present tense (cont.)

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PRESENT TENSE (CONT.) 
C. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 
I. FORM : S + have/has + PII 
II. USES 
1. Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và tiếp diễn đến hiện tại (có thể tiếp tục trong 
tương lai) 
- Có các từ chỉ thời gian đi cùng như: ever, never, up to now, so far, ... 
I have received 20 cards so far. 
I have never tasted papaya. 
- Đi với since/for 
2. Hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng thời gian không xác định 
- Không có thời gian xác định 
Have you passed your driving test. 
 Tùy vào hoàn cảnh mà có thể hiểu là: gần đây hoặc cho tới bây giờ 
- Hoặc đi với các từ: just, recently, already, yet, ... 
- Hành động lặp lại nhiều lần tính đến thời điểm hiện tại 
I have watched "Love Actually" several times. 
- Sau cấu trúc so sánh hơn nhất ta dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành. 
It is the most boring book that I have ever read. 
- Sau cấu trúc: This/It is the first/second ... times phải sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành 
This is the first time he has driven a car. 
He lost his passport again. It’s the second times he has lost it. 
3. Các từ đi với thì hiện tại hoàn thành 
3.1 "Since": kể từ khi 
Chúng ta thường sử dụng từ "since" trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành, nó được coi như một dấu hiệu 
nhận biết thì hiện tại hoàn thành. Trong câu "since" có thể đóng vai trò là: 
- Liên từ: I haven’t met her since she was a little girl. 
 Trong trường hợp "since " là một liên từ thì sau "since " ta sử dụng thì quá khứ. 
- Trạng từ : I saw T-pain in December and I haven`t seen her since. 
- Giới từ: I have learned to play tennis since 1983 
3.2 "For": trong vòng 
I have not heard from her for 2 months. 
  Chú ý: Nếu "since" chỉ thời điểm bắt đầu của hành động thì "for" chỉ quãng thời gian hành động 
đó xảy ra. 
I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. 
I haven`t seen Tom for 2 days. 
- Không sử dụng "for" trong các câu có "all" (all day, all morning, all week, all my life, ...) 
I have lived here all my life. (không nói “for all my life”) 
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3.3 "Already": đã 
- Dùng “already” trong câu khẳng định hay câu hỏi, “already” có thể đứng sau “have/ has” hoặc 
đứng cuối câu. 
I have already had the answer = I have had the answer already. 
Have you typed my letter already? 
3.4 “Yet”: chưa 
- Dùng "yet"trong câu phủ định hoặc câu nghi vấn. "yet" thường đứng cuối câu và có thể ẩn. 
John hasn’t written his report yet = John hasn’t written his report. 
I hasn’t decided what to do yet = I hasn’t decided what to do. 
Have you read this article yet? = Have you read this article? 
- Tuy nhiên cần tránh nhầm với cách sử dụng "yet" như một từ nối mang nghĩa “nhưng” 
I don’t have money, yet I really need the computer. 
I haven’t seen her, yet I do hope she is a good girl. 
3.5 “Just”: vừa mới 
- Dùng khi chỉ một hành động vừa mới xảy ra. 
I have just met him. 
I have just tidied up the kitchen. 
I have just had lunch. 
3.6 “Recently, lately”: gần đây 
He has recently arrived from New York. 
3.7 Các trạng từ khác: 
- “so far” (cho đến bây giờ) : We haven’t finished the English tenses so far. 
- “up to now, up to the present, up to this moment, until now, until this time” (đến tận bây 
giờ) 
She hasn’t come up to now. 
- “ever” : dùng trong câu nghi vấn, với nghĩa “đã từng bao giờ chưa” 
Have you ever gone abroad? 
- “never ... before” (chưa bao giờ) 
I have never eaten a mango before. Have you ever eaten a mango? 
- “In/Over/During/For + the + past/last + time” : trong thời gian qua 
It has rained in the past week. 
She hasn’t talked to me over the last 4 days. 
4. Phân biệt "gone to" và "been to" 
- “gone to” : đi chưa về 
Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Paris. 
 Có nghĩa là bây giờ cô ấy đang ở đó hoặc đang trên đường đến đó. 
- “been to” : đi về rồi 
Ann is back to England now. She has been to Paris. 
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 Cô ấy đã từng ở Paris nhưng giờ đã về Anh rồi. 
D. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE 
I. FORM : S + have/has + been + Ving 
II. USES 
- Nhìn chung, về cơ bản, thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn giống với thì hiện tại hoàn thành, đều 
dùng để diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu diễn ra trong quá khứ và vẫn còn xảy ra ở hiện tại. Tuy 
nhiên, thì hiện tại tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh đến thời gian của hành động (How long), còn thì hiện 
tại hoàn thành quan tâm đến kết quả của hành động. 
- Thường dùng với 2 giới từ “since” hoặc “for” . 
I have been learning English since early morning. 
- Bảng so sánh 
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS 
THE PRESENT PERFECT 
- emphasises how long 
I’ve been reading for the past two weeks. 
- says how many times 
I’ve read three articles. 
- focuses on the activity itself (it does not show 
whether the activity is completed or not) 
I’ve been writing my essay (we don’t know if the 
essay is finished or not) 
What have you been doing? (the speaker is 
interested in the activity) 
- focuses on the result or completion of 
the activity. 
I’ve written my essay (the essay is 
finished but we don’t know when) 
What have you done? (the speaker is 
interested in the result of action) 
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn còn được sử dụng trong trường hợp ta đi tới 1 kết luận nào đó 
nhờ suy đoán. 
Your eyes are red. You have been crying. 
- Không dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn với những động từ không có dạng tiếp diễn như đã 
đề cập ở phần trước. 
I’ve known them since I was a child. (not I’ve been knowing them since I was a child) 
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EXERCISES 
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous 
tense. (In some cases either could be used) 
1. We (walk) ten kilometres. 
2. We (walk) for three hours. 
3. You (walk) too fast. That's why you are tired. 
4. I (make) sausage rolls for the party all the morning. 
5. How many you (make)? 
~ I (make) 200. 
6. That boy (eat) seven ice-creams. 
7. He (not stop) eating since he arrived. 
8. The driver (drink). I think someone else ought to drive. 
9. I (pull) up 100 dandelions. 
10. I (pull) up dandelions all day. 
11. What you (do)? 
~ We (pick) apples. 
12. How many you (pick)? 
~ We (pick) ten basketfuls. 
13. I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don't like any of them. 
14. He (sleep) since ten o'clock. It's time he woke up. 
15. He (ride); that's why he is wearing breeches. 
16. I (ride) all the horses in this stable. 
17. What a lovely smell! 
~ Mary (make) jam. 
18. The students (work) very well this term. 
19. I only (hear) from him twice since he went away. 
20. I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very good correspondent. 
21. I (grease) my car. That's why my hands are so dirty. 
22. I (polish) this table all the morning and she isn't satisfied with it yet. 
23. I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) 'Good morning' to me. 
24. He (teach) in this school for five years. 
25. I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a hopeless class as this. 
26. Why you (be) so long in the garage? 
~ The tyres were flat; I (pump) them up. 
27. I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth? 
28. I (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any. 
29. He (cough) a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking. 
30. You (hear) the news? Tom and Ann are engaged! 
~ That's not new; I (know) it for ages! 
31. I (try) to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you'd go away or stop talking. 
~ I hardly (say) anything. 
32. The driver of that car (sound) his horn for the last ten minutes. 
33. It (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) postponed. 
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34. He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet. 
35. Mr Smith, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You (help) him 
with his exam paper or he (help) you? 
36. Why you (make) such a horrible noise? 
~ I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my wife by throwing stones at he window. 
~ You (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door. 
37. He (overwork). That is why he looked so tired. 
38. You (not eat) enough lately. That is why you feel irritable. 
II. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using “for” or “since”. 
1. We've been fishing . . . two hours. 
2. I've been working in this office . . . a month. 
3. They've been living in France . . . 1970. 
4. He has been in prison . . . a year. 
5. I've known that . . . a long time. 
6. That man has been standing there . . . six o'clock. 
7. She has driven the same car . . . 1975. 
8. Things have changed . . . I was a girl. 
9. The kettle has been boiling . . . a quarter of an hour. 
10. The central heating has been on . . . October. 
11. That trunk has been in the hall . . . a year. 
12. He has been very ill . . . the last month. 
13. I've been using this machine . . . twelve years. 
14. We've been waiting . . . half an hour. 
15. Mr Pitt has been in hospital . . . his accident. 
16. He hasn't spoken to me . . . the last committee meeting. 
17. I have been very patient with you . . . several years. 
18. They have been on strike . . . November. 
19. The strike has lasted . . . six months. 
20. It has been very foggy . . . early morning. 
21. They have been quarrelling ever . . . they got married. 
22. I've been awake . . . four o'clock. 
23. I've been awake . . . a long time. 
24. We've had no gas . . . the strike began. 
25. I've earned my own living . . . I left school.