English for Information Technology (Phần 2)

n navigate through the
Internet. By using a special program
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known as a 'browser' you can find news,
pictures, virtual museums, electronic
magazines -any topic you can imagine.
You travel through the Web pages by
clicking on keywords that take you to
other Web sites. It is also known as the
World Wide Web or
WWW.
Web site (n): A location on the Internet
where a company puts Web pages with
information.
wide area network (WAN)(n): A network
that extends outside a building or small
area. For long distance communications,
LANs are usually connected into a
WAN.
widow (n): A single line ending a
paragraph and appearing at the top of a
printed page or column.
window (n): A rectangle on the desktop that
displays information.
window-based (adj): This refers to an
application or program whose interface
is based around windows.
word processor (n): An application that
manipulates text and produces
documents suitable for printing.
word wrap (n): An editing facility which
automatically moves a word to the next
line if there is not enough space for the
complete word on the current line.
workstation (n): A computer system which
usually includes a defined collection of
input and output devices.
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Acronyms and abbreviations
ACK: positive ACKnowledgement
ADB: Apple Desktop Bus AI Artificial
Intelligence
AIFF: Audio Image File Format
ALGOL: ALGOrithmic Language, a
problem- oriented, high-level programming
language for mathematical and scientific use
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD: Advanced Micro Devices,
manufacturer of microprocessors
API: Application Program Interface
ASCII: American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
AT: Advanced Technology. The AT was born
in 1984 with the introduction of the IBM PC-
AT. Most ATs have 286 processors
AT&T: American Telephone & Telegraph
company
ATM: 1. Adobe Type Manager, 2. Automated
Telling Machine
AVI: Audio Video Interface, a video format
BASIC: Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code
Bcc: Blind carbon copy. Addresses in the Bcc:
line of an email will receive a copy of the
message but the identity of the recipients will
be kept secret
BBS: Bulletin Board System
BCPL: system programming language form
which the language C was derived
BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
Bit: binary digit
Bps: bits per second
BUS: Binary Unit System
C: A high-level language designed for system
programming, usually (but not exclusively)
for software development in the UNIX
environment
CAD: Computer-Aided Design
CAE: Computer-Aided Engineering'
CAI: Computer-Assisted Instruction
CALL: Computer-Assisted Language
Learning
CAM: Computer-Aided Manufacturing
CASE: Computer-Aided Software
Engineering
Cc: Carbon copy. Addresses on the Cc: line of
an email will receive the same message.
CD: Compact Disk
CD-R: Compact Disk-Recordable
CD-ROM: Compact Disk-Read Only
Memory
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CD-RW: CD-Rewritable
CGA: Color Graphics Adaptor
CMYB: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
COBOL: Common Business-Oriented
Language
COM: Computer Output on Microfilm
Cps: 1. characters per second,
 2. cycles per second
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CR: Carriage Return
CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
CU: Control Unit
DA: Desk Accessory
DAC: Digital to Analogue Converter
DAT: Digital Audiotape, DAT desks are
becoming the standard for professional music
recording
DBMS: DataBase management System
DD: 1 Disk Drive, 2 Double Density
DDE: Dynamic Data Exchange
DEC: Digital Equipment Corporation
DNS: Domain Name System
DOS: Disk Operating System
Dpi: dots per inch
DRAW: Direct Read After Write
DR DOS: Digital Research disk operating
system
DS: disks double-sided disks
DTP: Desktop Publishing
DTV: Desktop Video
DVD: Digital Video Disk (or Digital Versatile
Disk)
DVI: Device Independent
EAROM :Electrically Alterable Read-Only
Memory
ECMA: European Computer Manufacturers'
Association
EDIF: Electronic Data Interchange Format
EGA: Enhanced Graphics Adaptor
EOD: Erasable Optical Disk
EPS(F): Encapsulated PostScript (file)
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, a file
containing answers to questions that the
Internet users frequently ask
FD: Floppy Disk
FDD: Floppy Disk Drive
FDDI: Fibre Distributed Data Interface
FDHD: Floppy Disk High Density
FORTRAN: FORmula TRANslation
FPU: Floating-point Unit
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
GB: Gigabyte (1,024 megabytes)
GCR: Group-Coded Recording (format to
recognize disks, Macintosh)
GHz: Gigahertz: one billion cycles per
second
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GIF: Graphic Interchange Format
GNU: Gnu's Not UNIX
GUI: Graphical User Interface
HD: 1 Hard Disk, 2 High Density disk
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
HDTV: High-definition Television
HP: Hewlett-Packard
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language, codes
used on the Web pages
Hz: Hertz (unit of frequency equal to one
cycle per second), named after Heinrich Hertz
IAC: Inter-application Communications
IBM: International Business machines
IC: 1 Interface Converter (Card),
 2 Integrated Circuit
ICR: Intelligent Character Recognition
IDE: Integrated Drive Electronics: a standard
hard disk controller
IGES: Internal Graphics Exchange
Specification
I/O: Input/Output
IP: Internet Protocol
IRC: Internet Relay Chat
ISA: Industry Standard Architecture. An ISA
bus is 16 bits wide
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO: International Standard Organization
ISP: Internet Service Provider
IT :Information Technology
jPEG joint Photographic Experts' Group:
standard in image compression
k: 1 kilo, used to denote a thousand 2 1,024
bytes
KB: kilobyte (1,024 bytes)
Kbps: kilobits per second
kHz :kilohertz: 1,000 cycles per second
LAN: Local Area Network
LCD: Liquid-Crystal Display
LIMDOW: Light Intensity Modulation/Direct
Overwrite, a method that allows you to
overwrite data on optical disks
LISP: LISt Processing: high-level language
used for artificial intelligence research
LP: Linear Programming
LQ: Letter Quality
MB: 1 megabyte: one million bytes 2 Mother
Board
MBPS: MegaBits Per Second
MC: Memory Card
MCA: Micro Channel Architecture: standard
32-bit bus
MDA: Monochrome Display Adaptor
MFM: Modified Frequency Modulation
(format to recognize disks: IBM and
compatibles)
MHz: megahertz: one million cycles per
second
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MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions, a standard for attaching files to
email messages
MIPS: Million Instructions Per Second
MMX: Multimedia Extensions
Modem: Modulator/DEModulator
MP3: Motion Pictures Experts group:
standard for compressing and decompressing
images
Ms: millisecond: thousandth of a second
MS-DOS: Microsoft Disk Operating System
MTBF: Mean Time Between Failure. Refers
to the average rate of hours for a hard disk
NAK: Negative ACKnowledgement
NAS :Network Application Suupport
NIC: Network Interface Card
NLQ: Near Letter Quality
NUl: Network User Identifier
OCR: Optical Character Recognition
OLE: Microsoft's Object Linking and
Embedding standard
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
OROM: Optical Read Only Memory
OS: Operating System
OSF: Open software Foundation
OSI: Open System Interconnection
PC: Personal Computer
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect, a
standard bus.
pdf :Portable document formatted to
distribute text files over the Internet; it can be
read with Adobe Acrobat
POS: Processor Direct Slot
PERT: Project Evaluation and Review
Technique
PGA: Profession Graphics Adaptor
Picon: picture icon
Pixel: picture element
PHIGS: Programmer's Hierarchical graphics
Interactive Standard
PL/1: Programming Language 1
PMMU: Paged Memory Management Unit
PPO: PostScript Page Description
ppi: pixels per inch
POP: Point of Presence, the location you dial
into when you want access to the Internet
PPP: Point to Point Protocol, allows
computers to use modems and to have access
to the Internet
PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
PS: PostScript
RAM: Random Access Memory
RGB: Red, Green, Blue
RIP: Raster Image Processor
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
ROM: Read Only Memory
RS series: Requirement Specification,
referring to the interconnection standards for
computing devices: RS 232, RS 422.
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SCSI: Small Computer System Interface
SIMMs: Single In-line Memory Modules:
circuit boards which contain RAM chips
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNA: System Network Architecture: data
network protocol developed by IBM
TB terabyte: one million megabytes
TCP/IP: Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, the language used
for data transfer on the Internet
TELEX: TELeprinter EXchange
TIFF: Tagged Image File Format: the kind of
graphics-file format created by a scanner
TFT: Thin Film Transistor: In a TFT display,
each pixel is produced by three tiny
transistors: one each for red, green, and blue.
This allows for very clear and stable pictures
TOS: Tramiel Operating System
URL: Uniform Resource Locator, an address
of a Web site's location on the Internet
USB: Universal Serial Bus
graphics
VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language
VAT: Value Added Tax
VAX: Virtual Address eXtension
VDT: Video Display Terminal
VGA: Visual graphics Array
VMS: Virtual Memory System
VRAM: Video Random Access Memory,
common type of video card memory for color
WAN: Wide Area Network
WFW: Windows for Workgroups
WIMP: Window, Icon, Mouse, and Pointer
WORM: Write Once/Read Many WP Word
Processor
WWW: World Wide Web
WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get
XGA: eXtended Graphics Array
XT: eXtended Technology. The XT was born
in 1983 with the launch of the IBM PC- XT
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References
The following sources are used for text extracts or/and adaptations:
1. Oxford English for computing.
Oxford University Press: Spain – Boeckner, K. & Brown, C.,
2. English for IT and computer user
 Thac Binh Cuong, Ho Xuan Ngoc
3. Basic English for computing.
Oxford University Press - Eric H. Glendinning, John McEwan
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