Free Grammar E-Book Level 1

t 
It’s not 
We’re not 
They’re not 
--- 
You aren’t 
He / she isn’t 
It isn’t 
We aren’t 
They aren’t 
going to 
take a test 
tomorrow. 
Question: 
Am 
Are 
Is 
Are 
Are 
I 
you 
he / she / it 
we 
they 
going to take a test tomorrow? 
Grammar Exercise: Future with “Going to” 
Don’t forget “am/is/are”! 
 I going to buy some new shoes next week. 
I’m going to buy some new shoes next week. 
 She not going to watch TV. 
She’s not going to watch TV. 
 They going to get married in June. 
They’re going to get married in June. 
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Comparative Adjectives 
Use comparatives to compare two things: 
Phil is older than Ben. 
Ben is younger than Phil. 
For One-Syllable Words 
Add –er 
Tall 
Old 
Fast 
Long 
New 
Taller 
Older 
Faster 
Longer 
Newer 
 My new car is faster than my old car. 
 I'm older than my brother. 
 Traveling by bike takes longer than traveling by motorcycle 
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Comparative Adjectives 
For Words that end in consonant + vowel 
Double the last letter and add –er 
Big 
Hot 
Thin 
Bigger 
Hotter 
Thinner 
 An elephant is bigger than a cat. 
 Brazil is hotter than Sweden. 
 My sister is thinner than me. 
For Words that end in consonant + y 
Remove -y and add -ier. 
Easy 
Happy 
Busy 
Easier 
Happier 
Busier 
 Reading English is easier than listening. 
 Maria is happier than Dave. 
 People today are busier than in the past. 
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Comparative Adjectives 
For Words with 2+ syllables 
Add “more” before the adjective: 
Expensive 
Popular 
Interesting 
More expensive 
More popular 
More interesting 
 A car is more expensive than a computer. 
 Michael Jackson's music is more popular than country music. 
 Watching a movie is more interesting than studying grammar. 
For Irregular Words 
Good 
Bad 
Far 
Better 
Worse 
Farther 
 Eating fruit is better for your health than eating hamburgers. 
 Cancer is worse than the flu. 
 One mile is farther than one kilometer. 
Grammar Exercise: Comparative Adjectives 
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Superlative Adjectives 
Use superlatives to compare three or more things: 
Jim is the oldest person in the family. 
Kelly is the youngest person in the family. 
Adjective Superlative 
Old 
Big 
Easy 
Friendly 
Beautiful 
Expensive 
Good 
Bad 
Far 
the oldest 
the biggest 
the easiest 
the friendliest 
the most beautiful 
the most expensive 
the best 
the worst 
the farthest 
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Superlative Adjectives 
Examples: 
 My grandmother is the oldest person in my family. 
 Russia is the biggest country in the world. 
 This is the easiest test I've ever taken. 
 Barry is the friendliest guy in the class. 
 Donna is the most beautiful woman I've ever seen. 
 The most expensive shoes in the world cost 1.5 million dollars. 
 I like all sports, but I like soccer the best. 
 Picking up garbage was the worst job I've ever had. 
 Australia is the farthest I've ever traveled. 
Grammar Exercise: Superlative Adjectives 
Superlatives are often used with the present perfect + ever: 
 This is the best sushi I've ever eaten. 
 What's the most expensive car you've ever driven? 
 The longest book I've ever read was 500 pages. 
 Jan is the friendliest person I've ever met. 
Don’t forget “the”! 
 I read newest lesson from Espresso English. 
 I read the newest lesson from Espresso English. 
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Adverbs 
Use adjectives to describe nouns (things or people). 
Use adverbs to describe verbs (how a person does something): 
 That was a terrible game. (adjective – describes “game”) 
 The team played terribly. (adverb – describes “played”) 
Common adverbs: 
Adjective Adverb 
slow 
quiet 
bad 
beautiful 
dangerous 
careful 
easy 
healthy 
good 
fast 
hard 
slowly 
quietly 
badly 
beautifully 
dangerously 
carefully 
easily 
healthily 
well 
fast 
hard 
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Adverbs 
Examples: 
 My grandfather drives slowly, but I drive fast. 
 The teacher spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear her. 
 I can read English well, but I speak badly. 
 Evan lives dangerously. He loves radical sports. 
 We wrote the letter carefully so as not to make a mistake. 
 I opened the jar easily. 
 Soccer players need to eat healthily to stay in good shape. 
 Janet works very hard. She arrives at work early and leaves late. 
Grammar Exercise: Adjective or Adverb? 
Adjectives go before the noun. Adverbs usually go after the verb: 
 Ruth is a quiet person. (“quiet” describes “person”) 
 Ruth speaks quietly. (“quietly” describes “speaks”) 
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Present Perfect: Verb be 
Use the present perfect in two situations: 
1) To talk about experiences in the past, when we don’t know 
exactly when the experience happened. 
Examples: 
 Have you been to Italy? 
Yes, I’ve been there three times. 
 Have you been to Rio de Janeiro? 
No, I haven’t. I don’t like hot weather. 
 Has Diana been to a rock concert? 
Yes, many times! 
 Has your brother been to a big sports event? 
No, he hasn’t. He hates sports. 
2) To talk about an action that started in the past and 
continues to the present. 
Examples: 
 How long have you been married? 
I’ve been married for five years. 
 How long has John been a teacher? 
He’s been a teacher since last January. 
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Present Perfect: Verb be 
Positive 
Full Form Short Form 
I have 
You have 
We have 
They have 
I’ve 
You’ve 
We’ve 
They’ve 
been to Paris. 
He / she / it has He’s / she’s / it’s been to Paris. 
Negative 
Full Form Short Form 
I have not 
You have not 
We have not 
They have not 
I haven’t 
You haven’t 
We haven’t 
They haven’t 
been to Paris. 
He / she / it has not He / she / it hasn’t been to Paris. 
Question 
Full Form Short Form 
Have I / you / we / they been to Paris? 
Has he / she / it been to Paris? 
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Present Perfect: Other Verbs 
Regular verbs 
Verb Past Participle Example 
travel 
watch 
pass 
try 
stop 
traveled 
watched 
passed 
tried 
stopped 
I’ve traveled to 15 countries in my life. 
She hasn’t watched the movie yet. 
We’ve passed our English test. 
Have you tried restarting the computer? 
They’ve recently stopped smoking. 
Irregular verbs 
Verb Past Past Participle 
break 
buy 
do 
eat 
get 
give 
go 
know 
leave 
make 
meet 
see 
take 
tell 
think 
write 
broke 
bought 
did 
ate 
got 
gave 
went 
knew 
left 
made 
met 
saw 
took 
told 
thought 
wrote 
broken 
bought 
done 
eaten 
gotten 
given 
gone 
known 
left 
made 
met 
seen 
taken 
told 
thought 
written 
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Present Perfect: Other Verbs 
Examples: 
 I can’t find my car keys. Have you seen them? 
No, I haven’t. Sorry. 
 We’ve written more than 100 e-mails in the past week. 
 My cousin has met a lot of famous people in her life. 
 Have you ever broken a bone? 
Yes, I have. I broke my arm when I was a child. 
 Has she ever eaten Vietnamese food? 
No, she hasn’t. 
 Have you ever thought about moving to another country? 
We’ve thought about it, but we haven’t told our kids. 
 The teacher hasn’t given us any homework yet. 
 Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life. 
 Have you ever gotten lost while driving? 
No, I haven’t – but my mother has! 
 Kristin has never taken singing classes. 
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect 
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Present Perfect or Past Simple 
Use the present perfect to talk about a general experience in the 
past. Use the past simple to talk about a specific moment in the past. 
“Have you seen the new Mission Impossible film?” 
“Yes, I have.” 
“When did you see it?” 
“I saw it last week.” 
Use the present perfect for “unspecified” time: 
I’ve seen the new Mission Impossible film. 
|-------------------?--------------|------------------------------------| 
past present future 
Use the past simple for “specified” time: 
I saw the new Mission Impossible film last week. 
|-------------------------|-------|------------------------------------| 
past last week present future 
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Present Perfect or Past Simple 
Use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the 
past and continues to the present. Use the past simple to talk about 
an action that started and finished in the past. 
Use the present perfect for “unfinished” time: 
“I’ve lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I live in Brazil now) 
|----------------|>>>>>>>>>>|------------------------------------| 
past 3 years ago present future 
Use the past simple for “finished” time: 
“I lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I don’t live in Brazil now) 
|-------|>>>>>>>>>>|--------|-----------------------------------| 
past period of 3 years present future 
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect or Past Simple? 
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The End! 
Thanks for reading  
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About the teacher 
My name is Shayna. I’m from the United 
States, and I currently live in Brazil, where 
I work as an English teacher and 
translator. I have a CELTA certification to 
teach English to adults, and I really enjoy 
helping my students communicate better. 
I am 27 years old and married, and in my free time I like 
to read, write, play soccer, go hiking, and do capoeira. I 
also love to travel and learn about different countries and 
cultures – please write to me and tell me where you are 
from. I hope you enjoy Espresso English!