Ngữ pháp cơ bản – Bài 9: Liên Từ (Conjunctions)

Ngữ pháp cơ bản – Bài 9: Liên Từ (Conjunctions) 
1. Định nghĩa: Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề. 
2. Phân loại: Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính: 
a. Đẳng lập (song song): 
Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một 
loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ 
): 
Ví dụ: 
He and I are students. 
She is beautiful and kind. 
They are learning to read and write. 
b. Liên từ phụ thuộc: 
Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng 
khác nhau – mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu. 
3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song): 
Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm: 
AND 
Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife. 
I have many books and notebooks. 
BOTH  AND 
Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal. 
They learn both English and French. 
AS WELL AS 
Ví dụ: He has experience as well as knownledge. 
NO LESS THAN 
Ví dụ: You no less than he are very rich. 
NOT ONLY  BUT (ALSO) 
Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese. 
I like playing not only tennis but (also) football. 
OR 
Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late. 
EITHEROR 
Ví dụ: He isn’t either good or kind. 
I don’t have either books or notebooks. 
NEITHER  NOR 
Ví dụ: He drinks neither wine nor beer. 
She has neither husband nor children. 
BUT 
Ví dụ: He is intelligent but very lazy. 
She is ugly but hard-working. 
THEN 
Ví dụ: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry. 
The plant looks very faded; then it hasn’t been watered for long. 
CONSEQUENTLY 
Ví dụ: You didn’t work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam. 
HOWEVER 
Ví dụ: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily. 
It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar. 
NEVERTHELESS 
Ví dụ: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks. 
STILL, YET 
Ví dụ: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen. 
She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her. 
OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE 
Ví dụ: We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam. 
ONLY 
Ví dụ: Go where you like; only do not stay here. 
THEREFORE 
Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished. 
4. Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ): 
Những liên từ phụ thuộc: 
FOR 
Ví dụ: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. 
WHEREAS 
Ví dụ: He learns hard whereas his friends don’t. 
Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it. 
WHILE 
Ví dụ: Don’t sing while you work. 
Don’t talk while you eat. 
BESIDES, MOREOVER 
Ví dụ: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention 
to physical exercise. 
He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window. 
SO 
Ví dụ: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students. 
It rained very hard; so, we didn’t go out that night. 
HENCE 
Ví dụ: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book. 
He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson. 
- Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ): 
a. Thời gian (Time): 
AFTER 
Ví dụ: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard. 
The ship was checked carefully after she had been built. 
AS 
Ví dụ: He came her, as the clock struck six. 
They left as the bell rang.. 
AS SOON AS 
Ví dụ: I will phone you as soon as I come home. 
They will get married as soon as they finish university. 
BEFORE 
Ví dụ: Don’t count your chickens before they are hatchd. 
He talks as if he were very wise. 
. 
Ví dụ: He has been very weak, since he was taken sick. 
AS LONG AS 
Ví dụ: No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends. 
I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back. 
UNTIL 
Ví dụ: People do not know the value of health until they lose it. 
WHEN 
Ví dụ: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes. 
WHILE 
Ví dụ: Make hay while the sun shines. 
Step while you dance. 
b. Nơi chốn (Places): 
WHERE 
Ví dụ: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework. 
WHEREVER 
Ví dụ: His mother follows him wherever he goes. 
I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me. 
c. Thể cách (Manner): 
AS 
Ví dụ: Do as I told you to do. 
AS IF 
Ví dụ: He talks as if he knew everything about her. 
He dances as if he were a professional dancer. 
d. So sánh (Comparisons): 
AS 
Ví dụ: He is as tall as his brither. 
This bag is as expensive as that one. 
THAN 
Ví dụ: She is more beautiful than her sister. 
She looks fatter than his friend. 
e. Lí do (Reasons): 
AS 
Ví dụ: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games. 
BECAUSE 
Ví dụ: We could not pass the test because we didn’t learn hard. 
I didn’t meet her because she had left earlier. 
SINCE 
Ví dụ: I must go since she has telephoned three times. 
f. Mục đích (Purposes): 
THAT 
Ví dụ: I work hard that I may succeed in life. 
SO THAT 
Ví dụ: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus. 
IN ORDER THAT 
Ví dụ: We learn French in order to study in France . 
g. Điều kiện (Conditions) : 
IF 
Ví dụ: I will phone him if I have his phone number. 
UNLESS (IF NOT) 
Ví dụ: You will be late unless you set off now. 
Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams. 
PROVIDED THAT 
Ví dụ: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault. 
You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket.. 
IN CASE 
Ví dụ: You should take an umbrella in case it rains. 
Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost. 
h. Sự tương phản, trái ngược: 
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH 
Ví dụ: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her. 
AS 
Ví dụ: Rich as he is, his isn’t ever happy. 
EVEN IF 
Ví dụ: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late. 
NOT WITH STANDING THAT 
Ví dụ: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.