Word formation in English

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . 1

1. Basic concepts 4

1.1. What is a word? 4

1.2. Studying word-formation 12

1.3. Inflection and derivation 18

1.4. Summary 23

Further reading 23

Exercises 24

2. Studying complex words 25

2.1. Identifying morphemes 25

2.1.1. The morpheme as the minimal linguistic sign 25

2.1.2. Problems with the morpheme: the mapping of

form and meaning 27

2.2. Allomorphy 33

2.3. Establishing word-formation rules 38

2.4. Multiple affixation 50

2.5. Summary 53

Further reading 54

Exercises 55

3. Productivity and the mental lexicon 551

3.1. Introduction: What is productivity? 551

3.2. Possible and actual words 561

3.3. Complex words in the lexicon 59

3.4. Measuring productivity 64

3.5. Constraining productivity 73

3.5.1. Pragmatic restrictions 74

3.5.2. Structural restrictions 75

3.5.3. Blocking 79

3.6. Summary 84

Further reading 85

Exercises 85

4. Affixation 90

4.1. What is an affix? 90

4.2. How to investigate affixes: More on methodology 93

4.3. General properties of English affixation 98

4.4. Suffixes 109

4.4.1. Nominal suffixes 109

4.4.2. Verbal suffixes 116

4.4.3. Adjectival suffixes 118

4.4.4. Adverbial suffixes 123

4.5. Prefixes 123

4.6. Infixation 127

4.7. Summary 130

Further reading 131

Exercises 131

5. Derivation without affixation 134

5.1. Conversion 134

5.1.1. The directionality of conversion 135

5.1.2. Conversion or zero-affixation? 140

5.1.3. Conversion: Syntactic or morphological? 143

5.2. Prosodic morphology 145

5.2.1. Truncations: Truncated names,

-y diminutives and clippings 146

5.2.2. Blends 150

5.3. Abbreviations and acronyms 160

5.4. Summary 165

Further reading 165

Exercises 166

6. Compounding 169

6.1. Recognizing compounds 169

6.1.1. What are compounds made of? 169

6.1.2. More on the structure of compounds:

the notion of head 173

6.1.3. Stress in compounds 175

6.1.4. Summary 181

6.2. An inventory of compounding patterns 181

6.3. Nominal compounds 185

6.3.1 Headedness 185

6.3.2. Interpreting nominal compounds 189

6.4. Adjectival compounds 194

6.5. Verbal compounds 197

6.6. Neo-classical compounds 198

6.7. Compounding: syntax or morphology? 203

6.8. Summary 207

Further reading 208

Exercises 209

7. Theoretical issues: modeling word-formation 211

7.1. Introduction: Why theory? 211

7.2. The phonology-morphology interaction: lexical phonology 212

7.2.1. An outline of the theory of lexical phonology 212

7.2.2. Basic insights of lexical phonology 217

7.2.3. Problems with lexical phonology 219

7.2.4. Alternative theories 222

7.3. The nature of word-formation rules 229

7.3.1. The problem: word-based versus morpheme-based

morphology 230

7.3.2. Morpheme-based morphology 231

7.3.3. Word-based morphology 236

7.3.4. Synthesis 243

Further reading 244

Exercises

References 24

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