Word formation in English

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . 1

1. Basic concepts 4

1.1. What is a word? 4

1.2. Studying word-formation 12

1.3. Inflection and derivation 18

1.4. Summary 23

Further reading 23

Exercises 24

2. Studying complex words 25

2.1. Identifying morphemes 25

2.1.1. The morpheme as the minimal linguistic sign 25

2.1.2. Problems with the morpheme: the mapping of

form and meaning 27

2.2. Allomorphy 33

2.3. Establishing word-formation rules 38

2.4. Multiple affixation 50

2.5. Summary 53

Further reading 54

Exercises 55

3. Productivity and the mental lexicon 551

3.1. Introduction: What is productivity? 551

3.2. Possible and actual words 561

3.3. Complex words in the lexicon 59

3.4. Measuring productivity 64

3.5. Constraining productivity 73

3.5.1. Pragmatic restrictions 74

3.5.2. Structural restrictions 75

3.5.3. Blocking 79

3.6. Summary 84

Further reading 85

Exercises 85

4. Affixation 90

4.1. What is an affix? 90

4.2. How to investigate affixes: More on methodology 93

4.3. General properties of English affixation 98

4.4. Suffixes 109

4.4.1. Nominal suffixes 109

4.4.2. Verbal suffixes 116

4.4.3. Adjectival suffixes 118

4.4.4. Adverbial suffixes 123

4.5. Prefixes 123

4.6. Infixation 127

4.7. Summary 130

Further reading 131

Exercises 131

5. Derivation without affixation 134

5.1. Conversion 134

5.1.1. The directionality of conversion 135

5.1.2. Conversion or zero-affixation? 140

5.1.3. Conversion: Syntactic or morphological? 143

5.2. Prosodic morphology 145

5.2.1. Truncations: Truncated names,

-y diminutives and clippings 146

5.2.2. Blends 150

5.3. Abbreviations and acronyms 160

5.4. Summary 165

Further reading 165

Exercises 166

6. Compounding 169

6.1. Recognizing compounds 169

6.1.1. What are compounds made of? 169

6.1.2. More on the structure of compounds:

the notion of head 173

6.1.3. Stress in compounds 175

6.1.4. Summary 181

6.2. An inventory of compounding patterns 181

6.3. Nominal compounds 185

6.3.1 Headedness 185

6.3.2. Interpreting nominal compounds 189

6.4. Adjectival compounds 194

6.5. Verbal compounds 197

6.6. Neo-classical compounds 198

6.7. Compounding: syntax or morphology? 203

6.8. Summary 207

Further reading 208

Exercises 209

7. Theoretical issues: modeling word-formation 211

7.1. Introduction: Why theory? 211

7.2. The phonology-morphology interaction: lexical phonology 212

7.2.1. An outline of the theory of lexical phonology 212

7.2.2. Basic insights of lexical phonology 217

7.2.3. Problems with lexical phonology 219

7.2.4. Alternative theories 222

7.3. The nature of word-formation rules 229

7.3.1. The problem: word-based versus morpheme-based

morphology 230

7.3.2. Morpheme-based morphology 231

7.3.3. Word-based morphology 236

7.3.4. Synthesis 243

Further reading 244

Exercises

References 24

pdf264 trang | Chia sẻ: việt anh | Lượt xem: 2037 | Lượt tải: 2download
Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang mẫu tài liệu Word formation in English, để tải tài liệu gốc về máy bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên
tic models 
of morphological processing and representation: The role of productivity’, in 
Booij and van Marle (eds.), pp. 165-183. 
Fudge, Erik 1984, English Word-stress, London: Allen and Unwin. 
Funk, Isaac K. 1963, Funk and Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary of the English 
Language, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 
Gibbon, Dafydd and H. Richter (eds.) 1984, Intonation, Accent and Rhythm, Berlin: 
Mouton de Gruyter. 
Giegerich, Heinz J. 1999, Lexical Strata in English. Morphological Causes, Phonological 
Effects, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Gussmann, Edmund (ed.) 1987, Rules and the Lexicon. Lublin: Catholic University. 
 250
Halle, Morris and K. P. Mohanan 1985, ‘Segmental phonology of Modern English’, 
Linguistic Inquiry 16, 57-116. 
Hammond, Michael 1999, The Phonology of English, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Haspelmath, Martin 1996, ‘Word-class changing inflection and morphological 
theory’, in Booij and van Marle (eds.), pp.43-66. 
Haspelmath, Martin 2002, Understanding Morphology. London: Arnold. 
Hatcher, Anna G. 1960, ‘An introduction to the analysis of English compounds’, Word 
16, 356-373. 
Hay, Jennifer 2000, Causes and Consequences of Word Structure, Ph. D. thesis, 
Northwestern University. 
Hay, Jennifer 2001, ‘Lexical frequency in morphology: is everything relative?’ 
Linguistics 39.4: 1041-1070. 
Hay, Jennifer 2002, ‘From speech perception to morphology: Affix-ordering 
revisited’, Language. 
Hay, Jennifer and Harald Baayen 2002a, ‘Parsing and productivity’, in Booij and van 
Marle (eds.). 
Hay, Jennifer and Harald Baayen 2002b, ‘Probabilistic phonotactics and 
morphological productivity’, Ms., University of Canterbury and MPI für 
Psycholinguistik Nijmegen. 
Hay, Jennifer and Ingo Plag, 2002, ‘What constrains possible suffix combinations? On 
the interaction of grammatical and processing restrictions in derivational 
morphology’, paper presented at the Linguistics and Phonetics Conference, 
Urayasu, September 2002. 
Hopper, Paul J. (ed.) 1977, Studies in Descriptive and Historical Linguistics, 
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. 
Horrocks, G. 1987, Generative Syntax. London: Longman. 
Huddlestone, Rodney and Geoffrey Pullum 2002, The Cambridge Grammar of the 
English Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Jespersen, Otto 1942, A Modern English Grammar. On Historical Principles. Part VI 
Morphology, London: Allen and Unwin. 
Jones, Daniel 1997, English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University 
Press. 
 251
Jucker, Andreas H. 1994, ‘New dimensions in vocabulary studies: Review article of 
the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition) on CD-ROM’, Literary and 
Linguistic Computing 9: 149-154. 
Kaisse, Ellen and Patricia Shaw 1985, ‘On the theory of lexical phonology’, Phonology 
Yearbook 2: 1-30. 
Kastovsky, Dieter 1986, ‘The problem of productivity in word formation’, Linguistics 
24: 585-600. 
Katamba, Francis 1993, Morphology, Basingstoke/Hampshire: Macmillan. 
Kaunisto, Mark 1999, ‘Electric/electrical and classic/classical: Variation between the 
suffixes -ic and -ical’, English Studies 80: 343-370. 
Kiparsky, Paul 1982, ‘Lexical morphology and phonology’, in The Linguistic Society 
of Korea (ed.), 1-91. 
Kiparsky, Paul 1985, ‘Some consequences of Lexical Phonology’, Phonology Yearbook 
2: 85-138. 
Krott, Andrea, Harald Baayen, and Robert Schreuder 2001, ‘Analogy in morphology: 
Modeling the choice of linking morphemes in Dutch’, Linguistics 39: 51-93. 
Kubozono, Haruo 1991, ‘Phonological constraints on blending in English as a case for 
phonology-morphology interface’, in Booij and van Marle (eds.), pp. 1-20. 
Ladd, Dwight Robert 1984, ‘English compound stress’, in Gibbon and Richter (eds.), 
pp. 253-266. 
Lappe, Sabine 2003, English Prosodic Morphology, Ph. D. thesis, University of Siegen. 
Leech, Geoffrey N., Paul Rayson and Andrew Wilson 2001, Word Frequencies in 
Written and Spoken English, Harlow: Longman. 
Lees, Robert. B. 1960, The Grammar of English Nominalizations. The Hague: Mouton. 
Lehnert, Martin 1971, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der englischen Gegenwartssprache, 
Leipzig: Verl. Enzyklopädie. 
Levi, Judith N. 1978, The Syntax and Semantics of Complex Nominals. New York: 
Academic Press. 
Liberman, Mark and Alison Prince 1977, ‘On stress and linguistic rhythm’, Linguistic 
Inquiry 8: 249-336. 
Liberman, Mark and Richard Sproat 1992, ‘The stress and structure of modified noun 
phrases in English’, in Sag and Szabolcsi (eds.), pp. 131-181. 
 252
Lieber, Rochelle. 1992. Deconstructing Morphology. Chicago and London: University 
of Chicago Press. 
Ljung, Magnus 1970, English Denominal Adjectives. A Generative Study of the Semantics 
of a Group of High-frequency Denominal Adjectives in English, Lund: 
Studentlitteratur. 
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2000, München: Langenscheidt-Longman. 
Lüdeling, Anke, Tanja Schmid and Sawwas Kiokpasaglou 2002, ‘Neoclassical word-
formation in German’, in Booij and van Marle (eds.). 
Malkiel, Yakov 1977, ‘Why ap-ish but worm-y?’, in Hopper (ed.), pp. 341-364. 
Marchand, Hans 21969, The Categories and Types of Present-day English Word-formation, 
München: Beck. 
Matthews, Peter 21991, Morphology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
McQueen, James M. and Anne Cutler, 1998, ‘Morphology in word recognition’, in 
Spencer and Zwicky (eds.), pp. 406-427. 
Meyer, Ralf 1993, Compound Comprehension in Isolation and in Context. The Contribution 
of Conceptual and Discourse Knowledge to the Comprehension of Novel Noun-Noun 
Compounds, Tübingen: Niemeyer. 
Mohanan, Karuvannur P. 1986, The Theory of Lexical Phonology, Dordrecht: Reidel. 
Muthmann, Gustav 1999, Reverse English Dictionary. Based on Phonological and 
Morphological Principles, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 
Nevis, Joel N. and John T. Stonham 1999, ‘Learning morphology: What makes a good 
textbook?’, Language 75: 801-809. 
OED 21994, The Oxford English Dictionary, on Compact Disc, Oxford: Oxford University 
Press. 
Olsen, Susan 2001, ‘Copulative compounds: a closer look at the interface between 
syntax and morphology’, in Booij and van Marle (eds.), pp. 279-320. 
Olson, Susan 2000, ‘Compounding and stress in English: A closer look at the 
boundary between morphology and syntax’, Linguistische Berichte 181: 55-69. 
Plag, Ingo 1996, ‘Selectional restrictions in English suffixation revisited. A reply to 
Fabb (1988)’, Linguistics 34: 769-798. 
Plag, Ingo 1999, Morphological Productivity. Structural Constraints in English Derivation, 
Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 
 253
Plag, Ingo 2002, ‘The role of selectional restrictions, phonotactics and parsing in 
constraining suffix ordering in English’, in Booij and van Marle (eds.). 
Plag, Ingo, Christiane Dalton-Puffer and Harald Baayen 1999, ‘Morphological 
productivity across speech and writing’, English Language and Linguistics 3: 
209-228. 
Plank, Frans 1981, Morphologische (Ir-)Regularitäten: Aspekte der Wortstrukturtheorie, 
Tübingen: Narr. 
Raffelsiefen, Renate 1993, ‘Relating words. A model of base-recognition’, Linguistic 
Analysis 23, 3-164. 
Raffelsiefen, Renate 1999, ‘Phonological constraints on English word formation’, in 
van Marle and Booij (eds.), pp. 225-288. 
Riddle, Elizabeth 1985, ‘A historical perspective on the productivity of the suffixes 
–ness and –ity’, in Fisiak (ed.), pp. 435-461. 
Rose, James H. 1973, ‘Principled limitations on productivity in denominal verbs’, 
Foundations of Language 10: 509-526. 
Rúa, Paula López 2002, ‘On the structure of acronyms and neighbouring categories: a 
prototype-based account’, English Language and Linguistics 6: 31-60. 
Ryder, Mary Ellen 1994, Ordered Chaos: The Interpretation of English Noun-Noun 
Compounds, Berkeley: University of Calif. Press. 
Ryder, Mary Ellen 1999, ‘Bankers and blue-chippers: an account of –er formations in 
Present-day English’, English Language and Linguistics 3: 269-297. 
Saciuk, Bogdan 1969, ‘The stratal division of the lexicon’, Papers in Linguistics 1: 464-
532. 
Sag, Ivan A. and Anna Szabolcsi (eds.) 1992, Lexical Matters, Stanford: Center for the 
Study of Language and Information. 
Schneider, Klaus Peter 2003, Diminutives in English, Tübingen: Niemeyer. 
Selkirk, Elisabeth 1982, The Syntax of Words, Cambridge: MIT Press. 
Siegel, Dorothy 1974, Topics in English morphology, Ph. D. thesis, MIT. 
Skousen, Royal 1995, ‘Analogy: A Non-rule Alternative to Neural Networks’, Rivista 
di Linguistica 7.2: 213-231. 
Spencer, Andrew 1991, Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Structure in 
Generative Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
 254
Spencer, Andrew and Arnold M. Zwicky (eds.) 1998, The Handbook of Morphology, 
Oxford: Blackwell. 
Stemberger, Joseph 1998, ‘Morphology in language production with special reference 
to connectionism’, in Spencer and Zwicky (eds), pp. 428-452. 
Stockwell, Robert, and Donka Minkova 2001, English Words: History and Structure. 
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Strauss, Steven 1982, Lexicalist Phonology of English and German, Dordrecht: Foris. 
The Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.), Linguistics in the Morning Calm, Seoul: Hanshin 
Publishing Co. 
Webster, Noah 1971, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English 
Language, Springfield: Merriam. 
Wiese, Richard (ed.) 1994, Recent Developments in Lexical Phonology (Arbeiten des 
Sonderforschungsbereichs 'Theorie des Lexikons' Nr. 56), Düsseldorf: 
Heinrich-Heine-Universität. 
Williams, Edwin 1981a, ‘On the notions “lexically related” and “head of a word”’, 
Linguistic Inquiry 12: 245-274. 
Williams, Edwin 1981b, ‘Argument Structure and Morphology’, The Linguistic Review 
1: 81-114. 
Zimmer, Karl E. 1964, Affixal Negation in English and other Languages: an Investigation of 
Restricted Productivity (Supplement to Word 20), London: Clowes. 

File đính kèm:

  • pdfWord formation in English.pdf