Tiếng Anh - Ideas for vstep speaking writing

etter public transport 
Public transport needs to be reliable and efficient 
Positives of Public transport 
We need to reduce our dependence on cars 
Parking a car can be extremely difficult in big cities 
Well-designed transport systems are comfortable and convenient 
Modern public transport can be fast and cheap 
Public transport can help to reduce pollution in cities 
Investment in buses and trains will ease traffic congestion 
Buses can be given special lands to avoid traffic 
Negatives of public transport 
Public transport if often slow and unreliable 
Metro systems and trains are often dirty and crowded 
People feel like “sardines in a can” 
Cars are much more comfortable 
Road safety 
Driving while tired or drunk is extremely dangerous 
Mobile phones can be a dangerous distraction for drivers 
They draw the driver’s attention away from the road 
The use of phones while driving has been banned in many countries 
Punishments are becoming stricter 
Television campaigns are used to remind people to drive safely 
Speed cameras have become more common 
Speed bumps are another form of traffic calming 
Many streets are designed with the aim of slowing traffic down 
23. Water 
Importance of clean water 
Water is as necessary natural resource 
Humans need access to clean, safe drinking water in order to live 
Poor water quality is a major cause of disease and death in some countries 
Water usually needs to be treated before we can drink it 
Developing countries often lack the means to treat and supply water to citizens 
Developed countries tend to have much better sanitation 
Citizens have access to clean tap water 
Drinking water is not contaminated by sewage or waste water 
The supply of clean water would improve public health in many developing countries 
Water supply 
Urban life would be impossible without water supply systems 
These systems are massive engineering projects 
Many professionals are involved in their planning, construction and maintenance 
The supply and distribution of water are major concerns 
Water is becoming scarce in some countries 
Areas that suffer droughts often need to import water 
As populations grow, there is more pressure on water supplies 
This could lead to a water crisis 
Water and politics 
The supply of water is also an important political issue 
Huge amount of water are needed for agriculture and industry 
The irrigation of crops accounts for a large proportions of water use 
A water crisis could lead to political conflicts or even wars 
Argument: water should be free 
Some people believe that water should be free for everyone 
Governments should supply water to all homes at no cost 
Private companies should not be allowed to profit from this natural resource 
Money from taxes can be used to pay for water supply systems 
Argument: water should not be free 
If water is free, people take it for granted 
They do not think about how much water they waste 
They leave taps running while washing or brushing their teeth 
If we have to pay for water, we will use it more responsibly 
Water supply systems are extremely expensive 
Investment is needed to maintain and improve them 
Private companies may provide a better service than governments 
If they provide an efficient service, they will make more money 
They will repair leaks to avoid losing money 
Bottled Water: Opinions 
Some people carry bottles of water wherever they go 
For example, they take bottles of water to work or to the gym 
They believe that bottled water is healthier than tap water 
They also argue that it tastes better 
However, other people believe that we should consume less bottled water 
Plastic water bottles add to litter and waste problems 
Companies should not be able to make a profit from water 
It is unethical to make money by selling packaged water 
There is no difference in quality between bottled and tap water 
24. Work 
The benefits of staying in the same job for life 
Employees have a stable career with one employer 
They have a good pension and health insurance 
Their salaries gradually increase 
They may be promoted within the organization 
They demonstrate loyalty 
Experienced staff can be trusted with more responsibility 
They become part of a team 
There is a clearly defined path for development 
The benefits of not staying in the same job 
People often change jobs in order to further their career 
Another company may offer a promotion or a higher salary 
People who change jobs can gain experience 
They can learn different skills 
Changing jobs is interesting and challenging 
People can retrain in a different occupation 
In a fast-changing world workers need to be flexible 
People need to develop a range of experience and skills 
Self-employment 
Nowadays, it is easy to set up a company 
The Internet provides a global marketplace 
Self-employment offers greater freedom than working for a company 
However, there are risks to starting a new business 
Self-employed people may face financial difficulties 
Many businesses fail to make a profit 
There is less stability in self-employment 
There are no benefits like pensions, sick pay and holiday pay 
Self-employment involved hard work, long hours and total responsibility 
Unemployment 
Unemployment is a big problem for individuals, communities and society 
Some people are unable to find a job 
They may not have the sufficient level of education or qualifications 
They may find themselves homeless 
Unemployment causes frustration and stress 
Jobless people may become involved in crime as a means to get money 
The unemployed need careers advice 
Governments need to provide vocational courses and retraining 
Unemployment benefits: positives 
Some governments pay unemployment benefits in order to help jobless people 
Unemployed people need financial support until they find a new job 
By claiming benefits they can continue to pay for their homes 
The benefits system helps to reduce poverty, homelessness and crime 
Unemployment benefits: negatives 
Some people claim benefits rather than working 
They become dependent on the government 
They are not motivated to find a job 
The benefits system is a burden on taxpayers 
All citizens should work to earn a living and support themselves 
Receiving benefits affects people’s self esteem 
Work/Life Balance 
It is important to achieve a balance between work time and leisure or family time 
Too much work can result in stress and poor health 
“workaholics” may neglect their families and friends 
People need to take regular holidays 
Companies should be expect employees to work overtime 
Nowadays, many people work part-time or have flexible working hours 
Technology allow people to work from home 
Many companies provide childcare facilities 
A good work/ life balance can raise job satisfaction 
Happy, healthy workers are more productive 
Technology and work 
Internet, fax and mobile phone technologies have revolutionized working life 
Workers can communicate via email, online networks and video conferencing 
Technology can connect workers in different countries 
It gives people more freedom 
It can also save time and money 
Some people believe that offices could disappear in the future 
Virtual online offices may replace them 
Child labour 
In some countries, children are exploited 
They do repetitive jobs for very low pay 
Children are often used in agriculture and factory work 
The employment of children is prohibited in other countries 
Many people think that children should be free to enjoy their childhood 
Governments should make education a priority 
They should build new schools 
They should supply the resources to educate children 
Children need to be given the knowledge and skills for adult life 
25. Enviroment 
Environmental damage: 
• cause/contribute to climate change/global warming 
• produce pollution/CO2/greenhouse (gas) emissions 
• damage/destroy the environment/a marine ecosystem/the ozone layer/coral reefs 
• degrade ecosystems/habitats/the environment 
• harm the environment/wildlife/marine life 
• threaten natural habitats/coastal ecosystems/a species with extinction 
• deplete natural resources/the ozone layer 
• pollute rivers and lakes/waterways/the air/the atmosphere/the environment/oceans 
• contaminate groundwater/the soil/food/cropslog forests/rainforests/trees 
Protecting the environment: 
• address/combat/tackle the threat/effects/impact of climate change 
• fight/take action on/reduce/stop global warming 
• limit/curb/control air/water/atmospheric/environmental pollution 
• cut/reduce pollution/greenhouse gas emissions 
• offset carbon/CO2 emissions 
• reduce (the size of) your carbon footprint 
• achieve/promote sustainable development 
• preserve/conserve biodiversity/natural resources 
• protect endangered species/a coastal ecosystem 
• prevent/stop soil erosion/overfishing/massive deforestation/damage to ecosystems 
• raise awareness of environmental issues 
• save the planet/the rainforests/an endangered species 
Energy and resources: 
• conserve/save/consume/waste energy 
• manage/exploit/be rich in natural resources 
• dump/dispose of hazardous/toxic/nuclear waste 
• dispose of/throw away litter/(especially British English) rubbish/(especially North American English) 
garbage/(North American English) trash/sewage 
• use/be made from recycled/recyclable/biodegradable material 
• recycle bottles/packaging/paper/plastic/waste 
• promote/encourage recycling/sustainable development/the use of renewable energy 
• develop/invest in/promote renewable energy 
• reduce your dependence/reliance on fossil fuels 
• get/obtain/generate/produce electricity from wind, solar and wave power/renewable sources 
• build/develop a (50-megawatt/offshore) wind farm 
• install/be fitted with/be powered by solar panels