Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành quản trị kinh doanh - Phần 20

hãy đọc kỹ phần giải thích cùng các ví dụ dưới đây. 
• Still is usually put with the verb, in mid-position. It is used to talk about the continuation 
or action that started in the past, especially when we are expecting it to stop some time 
soon, or we are surprised that it has not stopped. Still is almost common in affirmative 
sentences, but also possible in questions and negatives. 
(Still thường dùng với động từ, đứng giữa động từ thường và chủ ngữ, sau động từ 
tobe. Nó được dùng để nói về sự tiếp diễn hay về 1 hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, đặc 
biệt là khi chúng ta mong đợi nó sớm kết thúc và ngạc nhiên khi nó vẫn chưa kết thúc. 
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Still chủ yếu được dùng trong câu khẳng định và cũng có thể dùng với câu phủ định và 
câu hỏi.) 
Example: Oh, hell, it is still raining. 
• Yet is usually put at the end of the sentence. It is used to talk about things that are 
expected to happen, and is also used in questions and negative sentences. 
(Yet thường đứng ở cuối câu để nói về điều mà người ta mong đợi. Và nó cũng có 
thể được sử dụng trong câu hỏi và câu phủ định.) 
Example: Has the postman come yet? 
• Already is usually put with the verb, in mid-position. It is used to suggest that something 
has happened earlier than expected, or earlier than it might have happened. 
It makes a contrast with yet. 
(Already thường dùng với động từ, nó đứng giữa động từ thường và chủ ngữ, sau 
động từ tobe. Nó được dùng để nói về điều xảy ra sớm hơn mong đợi, already ngược lại 
với yet) 
 Example: He hasn’t finished it yet. 
 He has already finished (sooner than expected). 
 Exercise 1 
Complete the following sentences with still, yet or already. 
(Hãy hoàn thành các câu sau dùng still / yet hoặc already.) 
a. Is he _________ working in a factory? 
b. I’ve been thinking for hours, but I _________ can’t decide. 
c. They haven’t woken up _________. 
d. I haven’t decided what colour to paint the wall_________. 
e. Does he _________ make a lot? 
f. Have you _________ met Professor Hawkins? 
g. He hasn’t replied to our letter _________. 
h. I _________ know what I wanted. 
i. Does he _________ want to be a politician? 
j. I _________ told you. 
2. Either. 
• Either is used instead of too and also in negative sentences. 
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(Either được dùng để thay cho too và also trong câu phủ định.) 
Example: “I don’t like opera” – “I don’t like opera either”. 
In “short answer”, structures with nor and neither are also possible. 
Example: “I don’t like opera” – “Nor / neither do I” 
• Either can be used with or to talk about two possibilities (and sometimes more than two). 
(Either dùng với or để nói về 2 khả năng, đôi khi hơn cả 2 khả năng.) 
Example: You can either come with me now or walk home. 
Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police. 
You can either have soup, fruit juice or melon. 
• Either usually means “one or the other”. Occasionally it can mean “both” (particularly 
with the words end and side). 
Either thường có nghĩa là “cái này” hay “cái kia” hoặc “cả hai”. 
Example: Come on Tuesday or Wednesday. Either day is OK. 
There were roses on either side of the door. (= on both sides) 
Note: singular noun with either. 
• Either is used as pronoun, alone or with of + plural noun phrase. 
 (Either được dùng như 1 đại từ, một mình hoặc với of + danh từ số nhiều.) 
Example: “Do you want whisky or gin?” – “Oh, I don’t mind. Either”. 
Has either of your parents visited you? 
- When either is followed by a noun phrase, there must be another determiner (possessive, 
demonstrative or article). 
(- Khi Either được theo sau bởi 1 cụm từ thì câu có 1 quán từ, tính từ sở hữu.) 
You can say either of the rooms, or either of my rooms, but not either of rooms. 
- Before a personal pronoun, either of is always used. 
(Before of luôn luôn đứng trước 1 đại từ nhân xưng.) 
 Example: Either of you could do it. 
- In sentences with either of, the verb is normally singular. 
 (- Với các câu sử dụng Either of thì động từ chia theo chủ ngữ số ít.) 
 Example: Either of the children is quite able to look after the baby. 
- But in negative sentences a plural verb is quite common, especially in an informal 
style. 
 (- Với câu phủ định thì đại từ thường chia theo chủ ngữ số nhiều.) 
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Example: I don’t think either of them are at home. (Or … is at home). 
3. TEXT 8.2: 
SETTING THE PRICE 
Bạn hãy đọc kỹ phần nội dung về định giá dưới đây và làm các bài tập ở sau bài đọc. Bạn 
có thể tham khảo bảng từ vựng ở cuối bài để biết nghĩa của các từ mới. 
How are prices set? Through most of history, prices were set by buyers and sellers 
negotiating with each other. Seller would ask for higher price than they expected to receive, and 
buyer would offer less than they expected to pay. Through bargaining, they would arrive at an 
acceptable price. 
 Setting one for all buyers is a relatively modern idea. It was given impetus by the 
development of large scale retailing at the end of the nineteenth century. F. W. Woolworth 
Tiffany and Co., John Wanamaker, J. L. Hudson and others advertised a “strictly one – price 
policy because they carried so many items and supervised so many employees. 
 Through most of history, price has operated as the major determinant of buyer choice. 
This is still true in poorer nations, among poorer groups, and with commodity – type products. 
However, non-price factors have become relatively more important in buyer-choice behavior in 
resent decades. Yet price still remains one of the most important elements determining company 
market share and profitability. 
 Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue; the other element 
represents cost. Yet many companies do not handle pricing well. The most common mistakes are: 
pricing is too cost oriented; price is not revised often enough to capitalize on market change; price 
is set independently of the rest of the marketing mix rather than as an intrinsic element of market-
positioning strategy; and price is not varied enough for different product items and market 
segments. 
 Companies handle pricing in a variety of ways. In small companies, prices are often set by 
top management rather than by the marketing or sales department. In large companies, pricing is 
typically handled by divisional and product-line manager. Even here, top manager sets the general 
pricing objectives and policies and often approves the price proposed by lower level of 
management. In industries where pricing is a key factor (aerospace, railroad, oil companies), 
companies will often establish a pricing department to set price or assist others in determining 
appropriate prices. This department reports either to the marketing department or top 
management. Others who exert an influence on pricing include sales managers, production 
managers, finance managers, and accountants. 
Do the following exercises based on the text. 
(Hãy làm các bài tập sau dựa vào nội dung bài khóa.) 
1 
5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
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Exercise 1 
1. The “one-policy” means: 
 a. all item are the same price. 
 b. all purchasers pay the same price. 
 c. all employees earn the same wage. 
2. Why did the one-price policy come into existence? 
…………………………………………………………………………………………........ 
3. What is the major difference between price and other 3 Ps? 
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 
(Note: 4ps = place, price, promotion and product.) 
Exercise 2 
1. Historically, which of the 4 Ps has been most important? 
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 
2. Why should prices be reviewed? 
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 
3. What is the meaning of “yet” (line 12)? 
 a. for a while. 
 b. even now. 
 c. but. 
4. Find words in the text with the opposite meaning to those listed below. 
Buyers 
Ancient 
Small-scale 
Employers 
Revenue 
Extrinsic 
Fixed 
Opposite 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
Line number 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
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4. LISTENING 
BORROWING MONEY 
Anne Bell has just received a letter from he bank. She is telling Sandra Parr about it. 
(Anne Bell vừa nhận được một bức thư từ ngân hàng. Cô ấy đang nói chuyện với Sandra 
Parr về bức thư đó.) 
Exercise 1: Listening comprehension. 
Listen to the disc and choose the correct word to complete these statements. 
(Hãy nghe và lựa chọn từ đúng để hoàn thành các câu sau.) 
1. If you are in the (black/ red), your account is overdrawn. 
2. If you have got an overdraft, you have not got any money in your (account/ statement) 
3. The amount that is overdrawn used to be written in red on your bank (account/ statement) 
4. The bank (charges/ pays) you interest if your account is overdrawn. 
5. Interest is what you (pay/ receive) for borrowing money. 
6. A loan is usually (more/ less) expensive than an overdraft. 
7. If your account is (in credit/ overdrawn) you will be charged interest. 
8. When you have got money in your account, you are “in the …” 
Exercise 2: Comparatives (So sánh) 
Pretend to misunderstand these statements and correct yourselves using comparatives, like 
this: (Hãy vờ không hiểu các câu sau và sửa lại sử dụng cấu trúc so sánh hơn.) 
P: An overdraft is usually cheaper than a loan. 
R: Oh, so a loan is cheaper. 
P: No, a loan isn’t as cheap! 
1. The first invoice was higher than the second. 
2. PDT’s goods are more expensive than GLM’s. 
3. BOS’s delivery is quicker than PDT’s. 
4. BOS’s prices are lower than GTG’s. 
5. Smiths’ cloth is better than Jones’. 
Laboratory drill 
P: An overdraft is usually cheaper than a loan. R: So a loan is cheaper. 
P: No. R: So a loan isn’t as cheap.