Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành quản trị kinh doanh - Phần 15

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required to create outputs. Consumers are able and willing to purchase products because they have 
incomes. Consumers obtain income through the sale or loan of their resources to firms, who in 
turn organize and coordinate factors of production to produce outputs from these inputs. 
Competitive market capitalism is based on some basic assumptions. One assumption is that 
both firms and households desire to maximize their economic well-being through market 
exchange. Business firms are assumed to pursue profit maximization and households try to 
maximize utility or satisfaction. Both try to buy at the lowest possible price (for a given quality of 
goods) and to sell at the highest possible price. The other major assumption is that markets are 
competitive, which means there are many buyers and sellers, products are substitutable, buyers 
and sellers have a lot of knowledge of the market and resources are able to move freely between 
uses. 
Comprehension questions 
1. What are the two major decision-making units which market capitalism contains? 
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2. How are the actions of business firms and households coordinated? 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
3. From whom does the business firm buy resources and sell outputs? 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
4. What does the demand for resource inputs depend on? 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
5. What do firms do with the resources they buy from households? 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
6. How can consumers get money to buy products sold by firms? 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
7. What do both households and business firms do through market exchange? 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
8. What does it mean that “markets are competitive” 
 …………………………………………………………………………………….. 
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Exercise 2. Read the passage and answer the questions. 
Naturally, the business person in a market economy is seeking profit. The intelligent executive 
will not be satisfied, however, simply with the knowledge that the firm is making a profit. He or 
she will invariably want to make the greatest profit possible – to maximize profit. If, on the other 
hand, the firm should be forced to operate at a loss for a time, it will certainly attempt to incur the 
least loss possible – to minimize losses. Whether a firm exists in a perfectly or imperfectly 
competitive market, it will try to maximize profit and minimize losses. Profits or losses of 
company are dependent, to a great extent, on the differential between its revenues and costs. 
Comprehension questions 
1. What is the business person in a market economy doing? 
 …………………………………………………………..................................................... 
2. What will he or she want to maximize? 
 ……………………………………………………………............................................... 
3. What will he or she want to minimize? 
 ……………………………………………………………................................................ 
4. Are profits and losses independent? 
 ……………………………………………………………................................................. 
5. Does a firm ever operate at a loss? 
 …………………………………………………………….................................................. 
Exercise 3. Read the text and delete the incorrect tenses. 
Who wants to be a millionaire? 
Last February Bert and Emily Atkins won / have won £1 million on the lottery. How have 
their lives changed / did their lives change since then? Well, the simple answer is their lives 
haven’t changed / didn’t change at all! They still live / have lived in their neat little house. ‘We 
don’t want to move’, says Emily. ‘We’ve lived / live here since 1970, and all our friends are 
around here’. Bert didn’t give up / hasn’t given up his job at a local factory. He works /‘s worked 
there for thirty years. So what difference has the money made/ did the money make to their lives? 
‘Well, we buy /‘ve bought a new car,’ says Emily. ‘And we’ve booked / booked a holiday in 
Florida. We never went /‘ve never been abroad and I’ve always wanted / always wanted to go to 
Florida. My sister’s family have gone / went last year. They had / have had a lovely time. We’re 
going next year, though. I mean, a holiday and a new car in the same year is too extravagant!’ 
Exercise 4. Write the interviewer’s questions, putting the verbs into the present perfect or 
the past simple. 
Chris: This is Chris Bowker. I’m talking to the writer Jayne West at her home in the 
north of Italy. How long have you lived (live) in Italy, Jayne? 
Jayne: About three years now. 
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Chris: Where ………… (live) before? 
Jayne: I lived in New Zealand for about ten years. 
Chris: Why ……………. (go) to New Zealand? 
Jayne: My husband was from there. 
Chris: Why ………….. (leave)? 
Jayne: My husband died and I had no reason to stay there. 
Chris: How many books ……………… (write)? 
Jayne: Oh, about thirty, I think. I’m not sure. 
Chris: What …………. (be) your first novel? 
Jayne: It was Winter Rose. 
Chris: The last time that we spoke you were writing a novel about the American Civil 
War. …………… (finish) that yet? 
Jayne: Yes, I finished it last year. 
Chris: ……………. (start) a new novel? 
Jayne: No, not yet. I’m taking a break. 
Exercise 5. Complete these sentences with for or since. 
 1. I’ve been a student for two years. 
 2. We’ve lived here ……… 1989. 
 3. I haven’t seen Sally ……. my birthday party. 
 4. She’s been away …… five days. 
 5. We’ve already waited …….. a year. 
 6. We haven’t had any visitors …… last March. 
7. The TV’s been broken ……… yesterday. 
8. We’ve only been here ……… two minutes. 
9. We haven’t had any rain ……. a very long time. 
 10. That building’s been there ……… the 19th century. 
Exercise 6. Complete these sentences about yourself. 
 1. I’ve lived at my present address for ………………. 
 2. I’ve studied English since ……………. 
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 3. I haven’t been to a party since ……………… 
 4. I’ve known my best friend for ……………… 
 5. I haven’t had a holiday for ……………… 
 6. I haven’t had anything to eat since ………………… 
7. Delete the incorrect expression. 
A: Hello, John. Are you here a long time? / Have you been here long? 
B: No, I’ve just arrived / I arrived just. 
A: Do / Did you have a good plane / flight? 
B: Yes, it was / I’m fine, thanks. 
A: Here, let me / I must take your case. 
B: Thank you. 
A: Were you ever / Have you ever been to London before? 
B: No, this is my first visit / I visit for the fist time. 
A: Well, what do / would you like to see? 
B: I don’t mind, I haven’t really thought / don’t really think about it. 
A: Well, let’s go / we go to the Tower of London. 
B: That looks / sounds fine. 
A: Ok, well I’ll pick you up / give you a lift at about three o’clock. 
ANSWER KEY 
UNIT 6: THỊ TRƯỜNG VÀ SỰ ĐỘC QUYỀN 
TEXT 6.1: THỊ TRƯỜNG VÀ SỰ ĐỘC QUYỀN 
Mặc dù trong thị trường hoàn hảo thì cạnh tranh không có giới hạn và người bán thì rất 
nhiều, tuy nhiên trong thực tế cạnh tranh tự do và số lượng người bán nhiều không phải lúc nào 
cũng là hiện thực. Tình huống như thế được gọi là “sự độc quyền”, và có thể được tạo ra từ rất 
nhiều các nguyên nhân khác nhau.Trong đó thực tế có thể phân biệt bốn loại độc quyền. 
Kiểm soát nền kinh tế tập trung và lập kế hoạch nhà nước thường có nghĩa là chính phủ nhà 
nước được độc quyền về các hàng hoá và dịch vụ quan trọng. Một số nước được độc quyền nhà 
nước về các hàng hoá cơ bản như thép và giao thông, trong khi đó các nước khác có độc quyền về 
hàng hoá không quan trọng như diêm. Hầu hết các nhà chức trách các quốc gia độc quyền về các 
dịch vụ bưu chính trong phạm vi quốc gia đó. 
Loại độc quyền khác nảy sinh khi một nước thông qua các điều kiện về sinh học và địa lý 
được quyền kiểm soát hầu hết các nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên hoặc các dịch vụ quan trọng như 
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thiếc ở Canada và quyền sở hữu kênh đào Suez ở Ai cập. Độc quyền như thế được gọi là độc 
quyền tự nhiên. 
Chúng khác với độc quyền hợp pháp, nơi mà luật của nước đó cho phép nhà sản xuất, một 
tác giả, một nhà phát minh nào đó có toàn bộ độc quyền đối với việc bán các sản phẩm của mình. 
Ba loại độc quyền trên khác với cơ hội kinh doanh độc nhất vì một số các công ty có toàn 
bộ quyền kiểm soát đối với một số hàng hoá nhất định. Hành động này được gọi là “thao túng thị 
trường” và không hợp pháp ở nhiều nước. Ở Mỹ, luật chống độc quyền ra đời để hạn chế các hoạt 
động như thế, trong khi đó ở Anh, Uỷ ban độc quyền kiểm tra tất cả các thoả thuận đặc biệt và sự 
sáp nhập các công ty có thể dẫn đến sự độc quyền không mong muốn. 
Exercise 1 
1. Free competition and large numbers of sellers are not always available in the real world. 
2. In some markets there may only be one seller or a very limited number of sellers. Such 
a situation is called a “monopoly”. 
3. State planning and central control of the economy, natural monopolies and legal 
monopolies. 
4. Steel and transport. 
5. Natural monopolies. 
6. They have a full monopoly over the sale of their own produets. 
7. Illegal 
8. Sole trading opportunities take place. 
9. Anti-monopoly law 
10. Monopolies Commission. 
Exercise 2 
1. “Monopoly describes a market in which there is only one seller or a very limited 
number of sellers.(T) 
2. In theory, there are three kinds of monopoly.(T) 
3. States always monopolize important basic commodities.(S)/ some countries have state 
monopolies basic commodities 
4. Egyptian nickel is a good example of a natural monopoly.(T)/ 
5. Concerning the market is quite legal in the USA. (F)/ In the USA anti-trust laws operate 
to restrict such activities. 
6. The monopolies commission considers that it is undesirable to restrict business 
mergers.(F)/ Monopolies Commission examines all special arrangements and mergers 
which migh lead to undesirable monopolies. 
Exercise 3