Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành quản trị kinh doanh - Phần 13

7. Non-essentials which give us personal pleasure. 
8. It is a measure of the change in the quantity of a goods, in resonse to demand. 
9. When a goods is regarded as basic necessity. 
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 123
Exercise 2 
1. T 
2. F / Money has no value in itself, but serves as a means of exchange between commodies 
which do have a value to us. 
3. T 
4. T 
5. T 
6. F / Demand is inelastic when a goods is regarded as basic necessity. 
Exercise 3 
Words Opposites 
Minority 
Positive 
Solid 
Maximum 
Public 
Simplify 
Theoretical 
Collective 
Long-term 
Majority 
Negative 
Flexible 
Minimum 
Private 
Complicate 
Practical 
Personal 
Short-term 
Listening: Sales Documentation 
Exercise 1 
1. has got 4. didn’t send 7. bought 10. got 
2. cann’t find 5. needs 8. didn’t use 
3. wrote 6. will pay 9. paid 
SP: Sandra here. 
LS: Oh hello, Sandra. It’s Liz. Could I speak to Anne please? 
SP: I’m afraid she’s not here at the moment. Can I take a message? 
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LS: No. I’ll ring her back late... No. I won’t. Yes. Will you give her a message please? I’ve got an 
invoice here for some furiture from Household Designs, but I can’t find the order. Does she... 
SP: Oh wait a minute, Liz. She’s just come in. Anne, it’s Liz on the phone. She says she’s got an 
invoice for some furniture from Household Designs, but she can’t find the order. 
AB No. That’s right. I wrote a letter of order. I didn’t send an order form. 
SP: Liz? She says she wrote a letter of order. She didn’t send an order form. 
LS: Oh dear. We need an order number for our records. All right. I’ll pay it. 
SP: She says she needs an order number for the records, but she’ll pay it. 
AB: Er, can you also tell her that I bought some cutlery and crockery and I didn’t use an official 
order. 
SP: Liz? 
LS: Yes? 
SP: Anne says she bought some cutlery and crockery and she didn’t use an official order. 
AB: But I paid by cheque and I got receipt. 
SP: But she paid by cheque and she got a receipt. 
LS: Yes I know. I’ve got the receipt. That’s all right. Thanks a lot. 
AB: What did she say? 
SP She said she’d got receipt and that was all right. 
Exercise 3 
3. a 6. a 
4. b 7. b 
5. b 8. a 
 When you hear a BLEEP write (a) if the speaker means the listener and write (b) if the speaker 
means anybody in this situation. 
1. I’ve sent you the invoice. BLEEP (You should write a) 
2. When you travel by train you need a ticket. BLEEP (You should write b) 
3. Next time you order goods, please use an official order form. BLEEP. 
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4. To order goods you can send an order form. BLEEP. 
5. You don’t receive many cheques from Germany. I don’t think they use them. BLEEP. 
6. You haven’t told me the invoice number. BLEEP 
7. If you send goods by sea, you need a Bill of Lading. BLEEP. 
8. Which documents do you think were used? BLEEP 
LABORATORY DRILLS TAPESCRIPT 
Drill 2 Repeat Sandra’s account of her telephone conversation as she told it to Graham 
Davis later, like this: 
 P: Liz says she’s got an order for 
some furniture. 
 R: Liz said she’s got an order for some furniture 
 Now you try 
 P: Liz says she can’t find the order. P: Anne says she also bought some entity 
 R: Liz said she couldn’t find the 
order. 
 R: Anne said she also bought some cutlery. 
 P: Anne says she wrote a letter of 
order. 
 P: Anne says she didn’t use an official order. 
 R: Anne sad she’d written a letter 
of order. 
 R: Anne said she hadn’t used an official order. 
 P: Anne says she didn’t send an 
order form. 
 P: Anne says she paid by cheque. 
 R: Anne said she hadn’t sent an 
order form. 
 R: Anne said she’d paid by cheque. 
 P: Liz says she needs an order 
number. 
 P: Anne says she got a receipt. 
 R: Liz said she needed an order 
number. 
 R: Anne said she’d get a receipt. 
 P: Liz says she’ll pay it. P: Liz says she’s got the receipt. 
 R: Liz said she’d pay it. R: Liz said she’d got tine receipt. 
 P: She says it’s all right. 
 R: She said it was all right. 
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Drill 4 Answer these questions by giving the correct information, like this: 
 P: Had Anne left school before she 
passed her exams? 
 P: Did Anne passher exams after she’d left 
school? 
 R: No. She’d passed her exams 
before she left school. 
 R: No. She left school after she’d passed her 
exams. 
 Now you try (The second example is not repeated) 
 P: Did Anne leave school after 
she’d been to secretarial college? 
 R: No. She went to secretarial 
college after she'’ left school. 
 R: No. She’d lived in London before she moved 
to Manchester. 
 P: Had Anne worked in a bank 
before she went to secretarial 
college before she worked in a 
bank. 
 P: Did Anne got a job with Transworld before 
she’d moved to Manchester? 
 P: Did Anne work in a bank after 
she’d lived in London? 
 R: No. She’d moved to Manchester before she 
got a job with Transworld. 
 R: No. She lived in London after 
she’d worked in a bank. 
 P: Did Anne work in a bank after she’d moved 
to Manchester? 
 P: Had Anne moved to Mancheste 
before she lived in London? 
 R: No. She moved to Manchester after she’d 
worked in a bank. 
Drill 5 Decide which of these events happened before the other and combine the sentences using 
the past perfect, like this: 
 P: GLM sent the invoice, GLM 
sent the goods. 
 R: GLM sent the invoice after they’d sent the 
goods. 
 Now you try 
 P: BOS received the order. BOS 
sent the goods. 
 P: Mr Perez received the goods by air. Mr. 
Perez sent an order. 
 R: BOS sent the goods after they’d 
received the order. 
 R: Mr Perez received the goods by air after Mr. 
Perez had sent an order. 
 P: BOS sent the statement. 
Transworld received the goods. 
 P: Transworld received the statement. 
Transworld paid BOS. 
 R: BOS sent the statement after 
Transworld had received the goods.
 R: Transworld paid BOS after they’d received 
the statement. 
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 127
 P: Anne received the goods. Anne 
paid the pro-forma invoice. 
 P: Kevin received the order. Kevin made out the 
Bill of Lading. 
 R: Anne received the goods after 
she’d paid the pro-forma invoice. 
 R: Kevin made out the Bill of Lading after he’d 
received the order. 
Consolidation exercises 
Exercise 1 
1. The demand for everything, at a given price, is the amount which will be bought at that 
price. 
2. Because demand always means demand at a price. 
3. Demand for a thing at a given price is the amount which would be bought at that price 
but desire and need refer to ability and willingness to pay. 
4. It depends on the price. 
5. When desire or need is back up by ability and willingness to pay. 
Exercise 2 
Cầu của bất kỳ loại hàng hoá hay dịch vụ nào, ở một mức giá đã cho là số lượng của loại 
hàng hoá ở mức giá đó. Cầu là số lượng hàng hoá hay dịch vụ mà người mua có khả năng và sẵn 
sàng mua ở các mức giá khác nhau trong một thời gian nhất định (tất cả các yếu tố khác không 
đổi). Khái niệm trên không có nghĩa trừ khi nói đến giá cả. Nói đơn giản là mỗi năm nước Anh 
cần hàng ngàn chiếc ô tô, hàng triệu tấn than có nghĩa là trong vài năm đó giá của ô tô và than 
tương đối ổn định và só lượng hàng bán hằng năm gần đúng với con số báo cáo. Nhưng theo 
nghĩa đen, thì nó lại không có nghĩa. Vì số lượng hàng hoá – hay còn gọi là cầu sẽ thay đổi khi giá 
thay đổi. Không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa, nếu giá của ô tô giảm đi đáng kể, thì khối lượng bán sẽ tăng 
gấp đôi, và nếu giá tăng đáng kể thì số lượng bán sẽ giảm đi một nửa. Số lượng mua vào của một 
loại hàng hoá nào đó sẽ thay đổi và có thể thay đổi đáng kể theo mức giá của nó. Hay nói cách 
khác, cầu ở một mức giá này thường khác với cầu ở mức giá khác. Rõ ràng cầu ở đây được tính 
theo đơn vị thời gian, theo tháng, theo tuần, hoặc theo ngày. 
Có thể nói cầu khác với mong muốn và nhu cầu của con người. Không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa, 
rất nhiều người không đủ khả năng để mua ô tô nhưng vẫn mong muốn có một chiếc, và cũng có 
rất nhiều trẻ em cần được uống nhiều sữa hơn so với khối lượng mà chúng được uống. Nhưng trừ 
khi mong muốn và nhu cầu của con người tương ứng khả năng và sự sẵn sàng chi trả, thì nó sẽ 
không ảnh hưởng đến số lượng hàng bán ra. Cầu của một loại hàng hoá ở một mức giá đã cho là 
số lượng hàng hoá được bán ra ở mức giá đó. 
Exercise 3 
1. There are 3 meanings. They are the total amount in existance, the normal output per unit 
of time and the amount offered for sale per unit if time. 
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 128
2. The supply of gold may mean the total amount of gold which has been extracted from 
the mines and rivers and is still in existance. 
3. For erxample the world’s supply of wheat is over 200 million tons a year. This means 
the stocks are small and stocks of wheat are compared with annual output. 
4. The relationship between the price and quantity purchased. 
5. in the short-run time period, in a given market, other things being equal, the quantity of 
an item which is offered for sale varies directly with its price. 
6. Yes, it does. 
Exercise 4 
Nhưng cầu cũng có nghĩa số lượng hàng hoá đem bán trên một đơn vị thời gian. Theo nghĩa 
này, khái niệm về cung tương đương với khái niệm về cầu. Chỉ khi luật cầu có liên quan tới hành 
vi của người tiêu dùng như được phản ánh trong mối quan hệ giữa giá cả và số lượng hàng hoá 
bán ra, thì luật cung có liên quan tới hành vi của nhà sản xuất (người bán) như được phản ánh 
trong mối quan hệ. Theo luật cung: trong khoảng thời gian ngắn, trên một thị trường nhất định nào 
đó, các loại hàng hoá khác không thay đổi thì số lượng của một loại hàng hoá đem bán thay đổi 
trực tiếp theo mức giá của loại hàng hoá đó. 
Exercise 5 
1. Prices 
2. They guide society in choosing what, how, and for whom to purchase. 
3. Simultaneously; separately; greatly exceed.