Sentence transformation
a/. She speaks English better than I do.
I don’t speak English as well as she does.
b/. Tom is more careful than Jerry.
Jerry is not so careful as Tom.
c/. Iron is not as strong as steel.
Steel
d/. Your coffee is not as good as the coffee my mother makes.
The coffee
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c was heavy, he came to work so late. If …………………………………………………………………………………………… d/. If you don’t come to see the doctor, your throat will be more inflamed. Unless ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.7. a/. I don’t know how to make cakes. I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………… b/. I’m sorry I didn’t invite her to my party. I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………… IF…NOT UNLESS DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT SITUATION SENTENCE IN PAST SITUATION PRESENT UNREAL CONDITION IF PAST UNREAL CONDITION - PRESENT SENTENCE - PAST IN SITUATION - FUTURE WOULD + V0 WISH V2 (Past Subjunctive) HAD + V3 (Past Perfect Subjunctive) SHOULD/ OUGHT TO + V HAD BETTER + V0 3 1.8. a/. People said that they got married. They ………………………………………………………………………………………… b/. We know that he is jealous of her. It …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. I don’t like my son to tease his friend. I don’t ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. Men used to build houses when they got married. Houses ……………………………………………………………………………………… e/. Will they finish the road soon? Will ……………………………………………………………………………………………… f/. I will have Sam repair my bicycle. I will ………………………………………………………………………………………… g/. Get someone to fit the air-conditioner. Get ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.9. a/. Although he was so tired, he came to see me. Despite his being tired / tiredness, he came to see me. b/. Though the old man was experienced, he failed to manage the situation. In spite of …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.10. a/. Many competitors had to withdraw because weather condition was bad. Many competitors had to withdraw due to bad weather condition. b/. He couldn’t pass the exam because he was so lazy. Because of …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.11. a/. They walked to town in thirty minutes. It took them thirty minutes to walk to town. b/. We spent five days solving this problem. It took ……………………………………………………………………………………… c/. A trip to Halong Bay lasts a week. It takes ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. We wanted to buy a new house; we had to save up for three years. It took ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.12. S + HAVE + DOER + V0 + O S + GET + DOER + TO V + O S + HAVE/ GET + O + V3 + BY DOER ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE ALTHOUGH THOUGH S + V + … EVEN THOUGH DIESPITE NOUN/ GERUND IN SPITE OF BECAUSE AS S + V + … SINCE BECAUSE OF NOUN/ GERUND DUE TO IT + TAKE + S. O + TIME + TO V IT WAS NOT UNTIL…………………. THAT + S + V + ……. 4 a/. I could not know how to swim until I was ten. It was not until I was ten that I could swim. b/. They couldn’t finish the work until the manager came. It was not ………………………………………………………………………………… c/. The dispute couldn’t be settled down until the police appeared. It was not …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.13. a/. We haven’t seen each other for three years. It’s three years since we last saw each other. b/. Smith has not washed for a week. It’s ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.14. a/. We would rather die than be slaves We prefer dying to being slaves. b/. He would rather starve than steal. He prefers starving than stealing. c/. I would prefer to come tomorrow than to day. I would rather ……………………………………………………………………………… d/. She prefers sunbathing in the beach. She would rather …………………………………………………………………………… 1.15. a/. we are working hard so that we may build socialism in Vietnam. We are working hard in order to build socialism in Vietnam. b/. they save much money so that they can go abroad. They ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 1.16. a/. Can he speak Chinese? Do you know if he can speak Chinese? Could you tell me whether he can speak Chinese? We’d like to know if he can speak Chinese. b/. What are they doing now? Do you know what they are doing now? Could you tell me what they are doing now? We’d like to know what they are doing now. c/. What are you talking about? Do you know ……………………………………………………………………………… d/. Is this the way to Texas? Could you tell me …………………………………………………………………………… IT IS SINCE…………………. S + V + ……. WOULD RATHER PREFER + V-ING/ TO V WOULD PREFER + TO V S + V + … SO THAT + S + V + …. IN ORDER THAT S + V + … IN ORDER TO + V + …. SO AS TO/ TO DIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS 5 1.17. a/. “Why don’t you come to see her at once, Hau?” said Nam. Nam suggested that Hau (should) come to see her at once. b/. “Why don’t you take some medicine, Joe?” asked his mother. His mother suggested ……………………………………………………………………… c/ Let’s take a break. Why don’t we take a break? d/. Let’s go out for a walk. Why don’t ………………………………………………………………………………… 1.18. a/. When I was a child, I often went fishing. When I was a child, I used to go fishing. b/. He often smoked thirty years ago. He used …………………………………………………………………………………… c/. We always came to the theatre on Christmas. We used …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.19. a/. I am accustomed to jogging everyday. I am used to jogging everyday. b/. My brother gets accustomed to meditating for three hours. My brother gets used …………………………………………………………………… 1.20. a/. I am wrong, or you are wrong. Either you or I am wrong. b/. he does not have money, and he does not have a job. He has neither money nor job. 2. EXERCISES: Part A 2.1. SIMPLE COMPOUND: 1/. We planned for a long time in order to have a good trip. We planned for a long time, or we couldn’t have a good trip. 2/. We went to bed early in order to get up early. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. In spite of his great strength, he was overcome. He was greatly strong, but he was overcome. 4/. In spite of his popularity, he can’t be called a great writer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. The teacher punished the boy for disobedience. WHY DON’T YOU + V ….? S + SUGGEST + THAT + S + (SHOULD) V0 + … LET’S + V + … WHY DON’T YOU + V ….? S + OFTEN/ ALWAYS + V2 + … USED TO + V0 BE ACCUSTOMED TO + V-ING / N GET BE USED TO + V-ING / N GET COMPOUND SENTENCES EITHER ….. OR …. NEITHER …. NOR …. 6 The boy disobeyed, so the teacher punished him. 6/. He failed to gain much success for his laziness. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7/. Owing to drought, the crop is short. There is drought, so the crop is short. 8/. Due to bad weather, many drivers have withdrawn. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.2. SIMPLE COMPLEX: 1/. He was too dull to understand that. He was so dull that he couldn’t understand that. 2/. This house is too expensive for us to afford. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. He came in very quietly in order to avoid waking his father. He came in very quietly so that he could avoid waking his father. 4/. Peter studies very hard day after day in order to pass the entrance exam. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. Owing to ill-health, he had to retire soon. Because he was ill, he had to retire soon. 6/. Due to the terrible flood, the crop was destroyed. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7/. James is not old enough to be allowed to drive. James is so young that he can’t be allowed to drive. 8/. The bread is not fresh enough for us to eat. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Part B 2.3. COMPOUND SIMPLE: 1/. Make haste, or else you will be late. (in order to) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2/. He is rich, yet he is not contented. (in spite of) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. I called him, but he gave me no answer. (in spite of) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4/. This coat can’t be mine, for it is too big. (too…to…) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. We stayed at home, for the tour had been postponed. (because of) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.4. COMPOUND COMPLEX: 1/. Do as I tell you, or you will regret it. Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret it. If you don’t do as I tell you, you will regret it. 2/. He had to sign or be executed. Unless ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. Keep quiet or you will be punished. If …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4/. The tickets were expensive, but he bought them anyway. Although the tickets were expensive, he bought them anyway. 5/. Life has few enjoyments, still we cling to it. Although ……………………………………………………………………………………… C. Part C 2.5. COMPLEX SIMPLE: 1/. He had done early so that he could avoid the traffic jam. 7 He had gone early in order to avoid the traffic jam. 2/. He took a taxi so that he could catch the early train. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. He made such good speed that he was in time. He made enough good speed to be in tome. 4/. They made such good arrangements that they worked effectively. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. He was late because the line at the ticket window was long. He was late because of the long line at the ticket window. 6/. He could not go to work because he was ill. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.6. COMPLEX COMPOUND: 1/. If you do not hurry, you will miss the train. You must hurry, or you will miss the train. 2/. Unless you try your best to study, you will fail. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. His father still trusted him though he had deceived him. He had deceived him, but his father still trusted him. 4/. Although there was much trouble, we tried to finish the work. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. Since duty calls us, we must obey. Duty calls us, so we must obey. 6/. Because he usually cheats the others, no one believes in him. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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