Liên từ (conjunctions)

 LIÊN TỪ
 (Conjunctions)
1. Định nghĩa: Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các từ loại, cụm từ hay mệnh đề.
2. Phân loại: Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính: 
	a. Đẳng lập (song song): 
	Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ...):
Ví dụ: 
He and I are students.
She is beautiful and kind.
They are learning to read and write.
	b. Liên từ phụ thuộc:
	Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu.
3. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):
	Những liên từ Đẳng lập gồm:
AND 	
	Ví dụ: 	She is a good and loyal wife.
	I have many books and notebooks. 
BOTH ... AND
	Ví dụ:	She is both good and loyal.
	They learn both English and French.
AS WELL AS	
	Ví dụ:	He has experience as well as knownledge.
NO LESS THAN	
	Ví dụ:	You no less than he are very rich.
NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO)
	Ví dụ:	He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese.
	I like playing not only tennis but (also) football.
OR
	Ví dụ:	Hurry up, or you will be late.
EITHER...OR
	Ví dụ:	He isn't either good or kind.
	I don't have either books or notebooks. 
NEITHER ... NOR
	Ví dụ:	He drinks neither wine nor beer.
	She has neither husband nor children.
BUT
	Ví dụ:	He is intelligent but very lazy.
	She is ugly but hard-working. 
THEN
	Ví dụ:	You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.
	The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long.
CONSEQUENTLY
	Ví dụ:	You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam.
HOWEVER
	Ví dụ:	He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.
	It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar. 
NEVERTHELESS
	Ví dụ:	She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.
STILL, YET
	Ví dụ:	I speak to you peaceably; still/yet you will not listen.
	She says she does not love me, yet, I still love her.
OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE
	Ví dụ:	We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam.
ONLY 
	Ví dụ:	Go where you like; only do not stay here.
THEREFORE
	Ví dụ:	He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished.
4. Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ):
	Những liên từ phụ thuộc: 
FOR
	Ví dụ:	He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
WHEREAS
	Ví dụ:	He learns hard whereas his friends don't. 
	Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.
WHILE
	Ví dụ:	Don't sing while you work.
	Don't talk while you eat. 
	BESIDES, MOREOVER
	Ví dụ:	We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention 
	to physical exercise.
	He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window.
SO
	Ví dụ:	He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students.
	It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night. 
HENCE
	Ví dụ:	I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.
	He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.
- Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ): 	
	a. Thời gian (Time):
AFTER
	Ví dụ:	A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard.
	The ship was checked carefully after she had been built.
AS
	Ví dụ:	He came her, as the clock struck six.
	They left as the bell rang..
AS SOON AS
	Ví dụ:	I will phone you as soon as I come home.
	They will get married as soon as they finish university.
BEFORE
	Ví dụ:	Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd. 
 He talks as if he were very wise.
.
	Ví dụ:	He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.
AS LONG AS
	Ví dụ:	No one can harm us, as long as we remain friends.
	I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back.
UNTIL
	Ví dụ:	People do not know the value of health until they lose it.
WHEN
	Ví dụ:	When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes.
WHILE
	Ví dụ:	Make hay while the sun shines.
	Step while you dance.
	b. Nơi chốn (Places): 
	WHERE
	Ví dụ:	The bed room is the best place where I do my homework.
WHEREVER
	Ví dụ:	His mother follows him wherever he goes.
	I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.
	c. Thể cách (Manner): 
	AS
	Ví dụ:	Do as I told you to do.
AS IF
	Ví dụ:	He talks as if he knew everything about her.
	He dances as if he were a professional dancer.
	d. So sánh (Comparisons): 
AS
	Ví dụ: 	He is as tall as his brither.
	This bag is as expensive as that one.
THAN 
	Ví dụ:	She is more beautiful than her sister.
	She looks fatter than his friend.
	e. Lí do (Reasons): 
AS
	Ví dụ:	As it rained very hard, we stopped they games.
BECAUSE
	Ví dụ:	We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard.
	I didn't meet her because she had left earlier.
SINCE
	Ví dụ:	I must go since she has telephoned three times.
	f. Mục đích (Purposes): 
THAT 
	Ví dụ:	I work hard that I may succeed in life.
SO THAT
	Ví dụ:	We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.
IN ORDER THAT
	Ví dụ:	We learn French in order to study in France.
	g. Điều kiện (Conditions) : 
	IF	
	Ví dụ: 	I will phone him if I have his phone number.
UNLESS (IF NOT)
	Ví dụ: 	You will be late unless you set off now.
	Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.
PROVIDED THAT
	Ví dụ:	I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault.
	You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket..
IN CASE
	Ví dụ:	You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
	Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.
	h. Sự tương phản, trái ngược: 
	ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
	Ví dụ:	Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her. 
AS
	Ví dụ:	Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy.
EVEN IF
	Ví dụ:	Even if my watch is right, we will be too late.
NOT WITH STANDING THAT
	Ví dụ:	He is poor not with standing that he works very hard.