Lesson 4 The past perfect and the past perfect continuous (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành và quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

LESSON 4
The past perfect and the past perfect continuous
(Thì quá khứ hoàn thành và quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
A. The past perfect (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)
I. Cấu trúc
(+) S + had + PII
(-) S + had not + PII
(?) Had + S + PII?
I felt really tired when I took the train to work yesterday because Sarah and I had been to a party the evening before. We hadn’t gone to bed until after one. I hadn’t been on the train long when I had a bit of a shock. I suddenly realized that I’d left my wallet at home. Then I began to wonder. Had I left it in the office the day before? I just couldn’t remember. I wanted to go back to bed. I felt awful.
II. Cách dùng
1. Diễn tả hành động hay sự việc xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ hay trước 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. 
Hành động xảy ra trước dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành
Hành động xảy ra sau dùng thì quá khứ đơn.
Before / When / By the time + mệnh đề QKĐ, mệnh đề QKHT
After + mệnh đề QKHT, mệnh đề QKĐ
- Jone had gone to the store before he went home.
- After Jone had gone to the store, he went home.
- It was twenty to six. Most of the shops had just closed.
- Jack told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1970.
2. Diễn tả 1 hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, tiếp tục đến 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
Her brother had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
3. So sánh HT hoàn thành và QK hoàn thành
Hiện tại hoàn thành (before now)
Quá khứ hoàn thành (before then)
My wallet isn’t here. I’ve left it behind
The match is over. United have won.
That man looks familiar. I’ve seen him somewhere before.
My wallet wasn’t here. I’d left it behind
The match was over. United had won.
That man looked familiar. I’d seen him somewhere before.
Exercise 1: Put the verb into present perfect or past perfect
1. It isn’t raining now. It (stop) ............................at last.
2. We had no car at that time. We (sell) ...............................our old one.
3. There was no sign of a taxi, although I (order) .........................one half an hour before.
4. You can have that newspaper. I (finish).....................with it.
5. The park looked awful. People (leave)..........................litter everywhere.
Exercise 2: . Past simple and past perfect
1. I went to the box office at lunch time but they............. (already sell) all the tickets.
2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I............ (go) straight to bed.
5. “Was David at the party when you arrived?” No, he......... (go) home.
6. Sorry I’m late. The car................... (break) down on my way here.
7. I............ (take) the book back to the library when I... (read) it. 
8. The house was very quiet when I......... (get) home. Everybody................ (go) out for dinner.
9. After she .... (fill) the basket, she........ (go) to the check out.
10. Yesterday morning I ..............(remember) the answer to the question Bob ............. (ask) me the night before.
11. Last night, I............... (go) to Jim’s room and.....(knock) on the door but there........... (be) no answer. Either he........ (go) out or he....................(not want) to see anyone.
13. Two days ago I ....... (meet) an old friend who I..... (not see) for years.
14. Karen............. (not want) to go to the cinema
B. The past perfect continuous (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
I. Cấu trúc
(+) S + Had + been + Ving
(-) S + had not + been + Ving
(?) Had + S + been + Ving?
George had been working at the university for 40 years before he retired.
I hadn’t been paying attention to the lesson, so I couldn’t answer the question.
Was the ground wet? Had it been raining?
II. Cách dùng
1. Dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục kéo dài của hành động hay sự việc bắt đầu trong quá khứ và tiếp tục đến 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ.
- After I had been walking for an hour, I decided to have a rest.
- She felt ill because she had been working too hard.
2. So sánh QKHT và QKHT tiếp diễn
QKHT
QKHT tiếp diễn
- I finally bought a new calculator. I’d looked everywhere for the old one
- Vicky felt pleased because she’d done so much work.
- When the company went bankrupt, it had lost over a million pounds.
=> Thường nhấn mạnh việc đã hoàn tất, nhấn mạnh số lượng.
- I found the calculator. I’d been looking for it for 3 days
- Vicky felt tired because she’d been working all day.
- When the company went bankrupt, it had been losing money for months.
=> Thường nhấn mạnh kéo dài trong tgian dài bao lâu
3. So sánh với những thì tiếp diễn khác
Vicky looks very upset. I think she has been crying.
Vicky looked very upset. I thought she had been crying.
When I phoned, she was having a piano lesson. (I phoned during the lesson)
When I phoned, she had been having a piano lesson. (I phoned after the lesson)
Ex 3: Put in the correct form of the verbs
1. Tom could hear shouts from the flat next door. His neighbors (argue)............................. again.
2. Emma went into the sitting-room. It was empty, but the television was still on. Someone (watch)......................................it.
3. I (play).....................................tennis, so I had a shower. I was annoyed because I (not win) .............................a single game.
4. The walkers finally arrived at their destination. They (walk).............................all day, and they certainly needed a rest. They (walk).....................................thirty miles.
5. When I saw Nick last week, he said he (stop)........................................smoking. but when I saw him two days later, he (smoke) ..................................a cigarette. He looked rather ashamed.
6. I really must go and see the dentist. One of my teeth (ache)....................................... for weeks