ENGLISH TEST

ce of human “circadian rhythms” has been
well-known to biologists and psychologists. Circadian rhythms dictate that there are certain times of the day when we are at our best both physically and psychologically. At its simplest, the majority of us feel most alive and creative in the mornings, while come the evenings we are fit only for collapsing with a good book or in front of the television. Others of us note that in the morning we take a great deal of time to get going physically and mentally, but by the evening are full of energy and bright ideas, while a very few of us feel most alert and vigorous in the late afternoon.
Irrespective of our personal rhythms, most of us have a productive period between 10 a.m. and noon, when the stomach, pancreas, spleen and heart all appear to be in their most active phases. Conversely, the majority of us experience a low period in the hour or two after lunch (a time when people in some societies sensibly take a rest), as most of our energy is devoted to the process of digestion. The simple rules here are: don’t waste too much prime time having a coffee break around 11 a.m. when you should be doing some of your best work, and don’t make the after-lunch period even less productive by overloading your digestion. A short coffee or tea break is, in fact, best taken on arrival at the office, when it helps us start the day in a positive mood, rather than mid-morning when it interrupts the flow of our activities. Lunch is best taken early, when we are just beginning to feel hungry, and we are likely to eat less than if we leave it until later. An early lunch also means that we can get back into our productive stride earlier in the afternoon.
Changes in one’s attitude can also enhance personal time management. For example, the notion of proaction is eminently preferable to reaction. To proact means to anticipate events and be in a position to take appropriate action as soon as the right moment arrives. To react, on the other hand, means to have little anticipation and do something only when events force you to do so. Proactors tend to be the people who are always one step ahead of other people, who always seem to be in the right place at the right time, and who are always better informed than anyone else. Many of us like an easy life, and so we tend to be reactor. This means that we aren’t alert to the challenges and opportunities coming our way, with the consequence that challenges bother us or opportunities pass us by before we’re even properly aware they’re upon us. We can train ourselves in proaction by regularly taking the time to sit down and appraise the likely immediate future, just as we sit down and review the immediate past.
Psychologists recognise that we differ in the way in which we characteristically attribute responsibility for the various things that happen to us in life. One of the ways in which we do this is known as locus of control (Weiner, 1979), which refers to assigning responsibility. At its simplest, some individuals have a predominantly external locus of control, attributing responsibility to outside causes (for example, the faults of others or the help given by them), while with other individuals the locus of control is dominantly internal, in which responsibility is attributed to oneself (for example, one’s own ability or lack of them, hard work, etc.). 
However, the picture usually is not as simple as this. Many people’s locus of control is more likely to be specific to a particular situation, for example, internal in certain areas, such as their social lives. Or, to take another example, they may attribute certain kinds of results to themselves, such as their successes, and certain kinds of results to other people, such as their failures. Obviously the best kind of locus of control is one that is realistic and able to attribute every effect to its appropriate course, and this is particularly important when it comes to time management. Certainly, there are occasions when other people are more responsible for our time loss than we are, but for most of us, and for most of the time, the blame must fall fairly and squarely upon ourselves.
Time management – key points
 Answer
Example Our patterns of circadian rhythms ….. G
A proactive person …..
A reactive person …..
Analyzing circadian rhythms …..
The idea that the best time to work is in the morning …..
The notion of feeling alert in the late afternoon …..
Productivity appears to be enhanced …..
List of phrases
A	… agrees with the circadian rhythms of most people.
B	… makes us feel alive and creative.
C	… conforms to the circadian rhythms of a minority of people.
D	… if our energy is in a low phase.
E	… is more able to take advantage of events when they happen.
F	… enables one to gauge physical potential at particular times throughout the day.
G	… can affect us physically and mentally.
H	… when several specific internal organs are active.
J	… when we eat lunch early.
PART 3
For questions 14-28, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Write your word on the separate answer sheet.
Example:
0
with
Intuition
Sometimes you just know things about people the first time you see them- for example that you want to be friends (0) …. them or that you don’t trust them. But perhaps this kind of intuition isn’t as hard to explain (14) …. it may seem. For instance, everybody gives out body language signals (15) …. the time. The (16) …. you hold your body, head and arms tells people about your mood. If you hold your arms tightly at your sides (17) …. fold them across your chest, people will generally feel that you (18) …. being defensive. Holding your head on one side shows interest in the (19) …. person, while (20) …. relaxed, ‘open’ posture indicates that you are self-confident. All this affects (21) …. we feel about someone.
Also, a stranger may (22) …. you of a previous meeting with someone. This may be because of (23) …. as simple as the fact that he or she is physically similar (24) …. someone who treated you well- or badly. But your reaction doesn’t (25) …. to be the result of the memory of a person you previously met- your feelings about the stranger could (26) …. influenced by a smell in the air that brings to mind a place (27) …. you were happy as a child. Since even a single word can bring back a memory (28) …. as that, you may never realize it is happening.
PART 4
For questions 29-44, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line are correct, put a tick (ü) by the number on the separate answer sheet. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word on the separate answer sheet. There are two examples at the beginning (0) and (00).
0
the
Example:
00
ü
THE INTERVIEW
0
00
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Suzanne was very nervous about her interview. For at the least three
weeks before it she was worried about it. She really wanted the job but
she knew that a lot of other people wanted get it too. She had been told
when she phoned the number in the advert that there were a great many
applicants for it, so as she prepared herself. She made notes of what she
might be asked and of what she wanted to ask. When the day it came, she
arrived half of an hour early. There were six other people waiting to be
interviewed. They all looked much more confident than did her. She began
to feel herself even more nervous. One by one the others were called. 
Each of them came out and looking satisfied. Suzanne was the last one to
be called into the interview room. She had decided by then time that she
had no chance of getting the job, so she felt relaxed as she walked in; she
felt that she had nothing to lose. The three interviewers were all them very
serious and they didn’t seem to be interested in her. She forgot all the
answers she had yet prepared and said the first things that came into her
head. Afterwards she was sure she wouldn’t get the job, but two days
later she got a letter for telling her she had been chosen because she had
been the only one who had acted naturally.
PART 5
For questions 45-50, read the following text and then choose from the list A-J the best phrase to fill each of the blanks. Write one letter (A-J) in the correct box on your answer sheet. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. One answer has been given as an example (0).
Example:
0
J
CARD GAME RULES
Card playing has brought pleasure to millions of people for some six centuries and is popular the world over, so it is no surprising to discover that thousands of games have been invented. There is a widespread belief that all card games (0) … but the situation is complex and this idea is best ignored. Widely played games (45) … in much the same way. National and regional games may have official rules published by an organization devoted to the game, but these (46) … in local and family play. Of course, it is essential to establish a set of rules for club or tournament play, but these (47) … as the rules of the club, not the rules of the game. In homes people play cards for enjoyment and (48) … and drop rules to suit their tastes. It is because tastes (49) … and generation to generation that card games evolve. Games that no longer evolve become extinct.
No book can do more than (50) …, or are said by other books to be played. Nor should it expect to. The only important thing is that everybody playing around the same table at the same time should be following the same rules.
A	played in its country of origin	F	never did lay down official rules
B	should be regarded 	G	vary from place to place
C	will naturally introduce	H	describe how games are played
D	have decided between alternative rules	I	are happily ignored
E	tend to be played everywhere	J	have official rules