English grammar

N 
( Biến đổi câu)
1/
 1 khoảng TG + ago.
 S + started /began + Ving / to V1 + 
 (prep.+) mốc TG
 V3 for + khoảng TG
« S + has / have + + 
 been +Ving since + mốc TG
Ex: We started studying English half an hour ago.
 « We’ve been studying English for half an hour.
2a/
 1 khoảng TG + ago.
 The last time + S + V2 +  was + 
 (prep.+) mốc TG
 for + khoảng TG
« S + has / have not + V3 .. + 
 since + mốc TG
Ex: The last time she had a swim was five years ago.
 « She has not had a swim for five years.
2b/
 S + last + V2 +  when S + V2 
« S + has / have not + V3 .. + since + S + V2 
Ex: I last went to the football match when I was a student.
 « I haven’t gone to the football match since I was a student.
3/
 S + has / have not + V3 .. + for + 01 khoảng TG
 « It + is + 1 khoảng TG + since + S + V2 
Ex: She hasn’t had a swim for five years.
 « It is five years since she had a swim.
4/
 S + has /have + never/not + V 3  (+before)
« This / it is the first time + (that) + S + has /have + ever + V 3 
Ex: I’ve never visited Paris before.
« This is the first time (that) I’ve (ever) visited Paris. 
5/
 S + V2  and then (S) + V2
« After + S + had + V3  , S + V2 
Ex: I had breakfast and then went to school.
 « After I had had breakfast, I went to school.
6/ The formal subject “IT”:
 Ving / To V1  + be + adj. /n (+for O)
« IT + be + adj. / n (+for O) + To V1
Ex: Knowing English is useful.
 « It is useful to know English.
7/ The formal object “IT”:
 Ving / To V1  + be + adj. /n
« S + V* + IT + adj. / n + to V1
V* : find, make, think. consider, believe, feel,
Ex: Living in the city is exciting.
 « Some people find it exciting to live in the city.
8/
 be accustomed to = be used to
 + V ing
become accustomed to = get used to
Ex: We often go to school by bus.
 àWe are used to going to school by bus.
9/
used to + V 1
Ex: My grandfather often played tennis when he was young.
 « My grandfather used to play tennis when he was young.
10/
 S + spend(s) / spent + time + V ing
 « It + takes / took (+ O) + time + To V1
Ex: We spent five hours getting to London.
 àIt took us five hours to get to London.
11/
 can 
S + ____ not + V1  because of + n
 could 
 prevent(s) / stop(s) 
« S + _________________ + O + from + Ving 
 prevented / stopped
Ex: We can’t drive because of fog.
 «The fog prevents us from driving.
12/ Inversion: Đảo ngữ
Adv* + V + S 
Adv*: No longer, Never, Rarely, Seldom, Only, No sooner, Hardly .
Ex: She no longer gets up early.
 « No longer does she get up early.
13/
 Who + do /does + S + belong to?
« Who own(s) .?
« Whose + V + S  ?
« Whose + n + V + S . ?
Ex: Who does this bicycle belong to?
 « Who owns this bicycle?
« Whose is this bicycle?
« Whose bicycle is this?
14/ Causative Form: 
 O (Người) +V1 ( Chủ động)
S + have / get + 
 O (vật) + V3 (bị động)
 nhờ ai đó làm việc gì
Ex : a) Tom is going to repair my T.V tomorrow.
« I am going to have Tom repair my T.V tomorrow.
« I am going to have my T.V repaired by Tom tomorrow.
 b) He’s getting someone to mend the window.
 « He’s having the window mended.
15/
 Because + S + V
« Because of + n / Ving
Example:
a) Because she walked in the sun, she was sick.
« Because of walking in the sun, she was sick.
b) Because the weather was bad,the train was delayed for twenty minutes. 
 « Because of the bad weather, the train was delayed for twenty minutes.
b) Because the + n + be + adj
 « Because of the + adj + n
c) Because he is ill, he can’t go there.
« Because of his illness, he can’t go there.
c) Because S + be + adj
 « Because of poss. adj + n
d) Because she behaves well, everybody loves her.
« Because of her good behavior, everybody loves her.
d) Because S + V*ord. + adv
« Because of Poss. Adj + adj + n
V* : develop, invent, liberate, discover, behave, rain
(n) : development, invention, liberation, discovery, behavior, rain, ..
e) Because there was the August Revolution, Vietnam was freed from colonialism and feudalism.
« Because of the August Revolution, Vietnam was freed from colonialism and feudalism.
 e) Because + there + be + n
« Because of + n
16/
 Although / Though + S + V
« In spite of / Despite + n /Ving .
Ex: Although he is rich, he is extremely mean.
«	In spite of his richness, he is extremely mean.
17. Styles: 
Using N
Using V
There + be a determination
There + be a tendency
show a desire
give thought to
have knowledge of
 « S + be determined
 « S + tend
 « desire
 « think about/of
 « know about
Ex: There is a determination to overcome problems.
 « Children are determined to overcome problems.
LESSON 16 : SUBJECT AND VERB CONCORD
(Sự Hòa Hợp Giữa Chủ Từ Và Động Từ)
*Special Cases: 
1/
 prep
n / pron + __________ + n / pron + V 
 as well as
Ex: The teacher with his students is in the classroom.
2/
N / Pron + or / nor + N / Pron + V
Ex: Either he or you are the translator.
3/ 
 Each
 ______ (of) + n / pron + V sing 
 Every
Ex: Each of us has books and pens.
4/
 Everybody Somebody Anybody
 = Everyone = Anyone = no one + Vsing 
 Everything Something Anything
Ex: Everyone knows him.
	5. None of + N/pron + V Ex : None of the students have good mark. 
 None of the student has good mark.
	6. A number of + N + Vplural Ex : A number of students are absent from class today.
 	 The number of + N + Vsingular This year, the number of accidents has risen. 
	7. S(thời gian, tiền, khoảng cách, trọng lượng) + Vsingular Ex : Twenty dollars is too much for that shirt.
	8. S(Ving/To V) + Vsingular Ex : Smoking is bad for health.
 To live is to struggle ( Sống là tranh đấu )
	9. There + Be + N Ex : There is some sugar in the jar.
 There are some books on the self.
	10. Phần trăm/phân số + of + Nkhông đếm được + Vsingular
 Ex : Sixty percent of waste paper is recycled. 
 	 Phần trăm/phân số + of + Nplural + Vplural
 Ex : Half of the students in this school come from the country.
LESSON 17 : EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
 (Những Cụm Từ Chỉ Số Lượng)
I. Expressions of quantity:
1) with plural, countable nouns:
 MOST
 A LARGE NUMBER OF
 MANY books are useful. 
 A LOT OF / LOTS OF
 SOME
 (A) FEW
2) With uncountable nouns:
 MOST
A GREAT DEAL OF
MUCH sugar is sold.
A LOT OF / LOTS OF
SOME
(A) LITTLE
3) With verbs:
 A GREAT DEAL OF
 They know MUCH about English literature.
 A LOT
 (A) LITTLE
* Notes:
1. most them / us / .
 many + OF + the / this / that /these / those
 (a) few my / your /. /Tom’s/ .
 (a) little
 2. Many / Much thường dùng :
in neg. & inter. Form 	 Ex: He can’t drink much. 
after TOO, SO, AS ,VERY	 Ex: There are too many night club here.
 3. A little, a few Þ some : positive	 Ex : Would you like a little tea?
 Little , few Þ o : negative	 Ex : He’s a man of few words.
II. HOW MUCH, HOW MANY Questions :
1)
How many + pl. Count. Noun + inter. form?
Ex: how many students are there in your class?
2)
How much + uncount. noun + inter. form?
Ex: how much time does jane spend studying?
3)
How much + inter. form?
Ex: how much did he drink last night?
Notes: how many / how much + S + affir. form?
 Ex: How many English tourists have visited TV?
Irregular verbs
be:am/is/are
Was/were,
Been
Là,thì,ở,bị,được
beat
Beat
Beaten
Đánh
become
Became
Become
Trở nên
begin
Began
Begun
Bắt đầu
bind
Bound
Bound
Trói,buộc,bám
bite
Bit
Bitten
Cắn
blow
Blew
Blown
Thổi
break
Broke
Broken
Làm gãy,làm vỡ
bring
Brought
Brought
Mang lại
build
Built
Built
Xây dựng
buy
Bought
Bought
Mua
catch
Caught
Caught
Bắt
choose
Chose
Chosen
Chọn lựa
come
Came
Come
Đến
cost
Cost
Cost
Trị giá
cut
Cut
Cut
Chặt, cắt
do
Did
Done
Làm
draw
Drew
Drawn
Vẽ
drink
Drank
Drunk
Uống
drive
Drove
Driven
Lái xe
eat
Ate
Eaten
Ăn
fall
Fell
Fallen
Rơi,té
feed
Fed
Fed
Cho ăn
feel
Felt
Felt
Cảm thấy
fight
Fought
Fought
Chiến đấu
find
Found
Found
Tìm thấy
fly
Flew
Flown
Bay
forbid
Forbad(e)
Forbidden
Cấm
forget
Forgot
Forgetten
Quên
freeze
Froze
Frozen
Đông lạnh
get
Got
Got/gotten
Bị,được,trở nên
give
Gave
Given
Cho
go
Went
Gone
Đi
grow
Grew
Grown
Trồng,mọc,phát triển
hang
Hung
Hung
Treo,mắc
have
Had
Had
Có
hear
Heard
Heard
Nghe
hide
Hid
Hidden
Che giấu,ẩn nấp
hit
Hit
Hit
Đụng,đánh
hold
Held
Held
Cầm,nắm,giữ
hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Làm đau
keep
Kept
Kept
Giữ
know
Knew
Known
Biết
lay
Laid
Laid
Đặt,để
lead
Led
Led
Dẫn,dắt
leave
Left
Left
Rời khỏi,để lại
lend
Lent
Lent
Cho mượn
let
Let
Let
Để cho
lie
Lay
Lain
Nằm
lose
Lost
Lost
Mất,thua,lỗ
make
Made
Made
Làm,chế tạo
meet
Met
Met
Gặp
overcome
Overcame
Overcome
Khắc phục,vượt qua
pay
Paid
Paid
Trả tiền
put
Put
Put
Đặt,để
read
Read
Read
Đọc
ride
Rode
Ridden
Cửi(ngựa,xe đạp)
ring
Rang
Rung
Rung(chuông)
rise
Rose
Risen
Mọc
run
Ran
Run
Chạy
say
Said
Said
Nói
see
Saw
Seen
Thấy
seek
Sought
Sought
Tìm đến
sell
Sold
Sold
Bán
send
Sent
Sent
Gửi
shake
Shook
Shaken
Rung,lắc
shine
Shone
Shone
Chiếu sáng
shoot
Shot
Shot
Bắn
show
Showed
Shown
Chỉ,cho xem
sing
Sang
Sung
Hát
sleep
Slept
Slept
Ngủ
speak
Spoke
Spoken
Nói
sit
Sat
Sat
Ngồi
spend
Spent
Spent
Trãi qua,tiêu xài
stand
Stood
Stood
Đứng
steal
Stole
Stolen
Ăn cắp
strike
Struke
Struke
Đánh
swim
Swam
Swum
Bơi
swing
Swung
Swung
Đung đưa,lúc lắc
take
Took
Taken
Lấy,đưa,dẫn
teach
Taught
Taught
Dạy
tear
Tore
Torn
Xé
tell
Told
Told
Kể,bảo
think
Thought
Thought
Suy nghĩ
throw
Threw
Thrown
Ném,liệng
understand
Understood
Understood
Hiểu
wake
Woke
Woken
Thức giấc
wear
Wore
Worn
Mặc,mang,đội
win
Won
Won
Thắng,đoạt
write
Wrote
Written
viết