Định nghĩa và phân loại tính từ

 Adjective + adjective
Ví dụ: a dark-blue coat, a red-hot iron bar
• Noun + adjective
Ví dụ: snow-white cotton, the oil-rich Middle East
• Noun + participle 
Ví dụ: a horse-drawn cart, a heart-breaking story
• Adjective + participle
Ví dụ: ready-made clothes, a good-looking boy
• Adverb + participle
Ví dụ: a newly-built house, an ill-smelling odour
• Noun + noun-ed
Ví dụ: a tile-roofed house
• Adjective + noun-ed
Ví dụ: a dark-haired girl 
• A group of words 
Ví dụ: a twenty- year- old girl, an eight-day trip, an air-to-air missile
Bài tập 1: Tìm những tính từ tương ứng với các từ dưới đây:
Beauty, man, woman, girl, gold, cheer, care, week, month, sun, rain, fog, cloud, help, brave, wonder, pain, wood, storm, boy.
Bài tập 2: Thay thế bằng tính từ ghép
1. A house with yellow walls.
2. A dress of the same blue as the sky
3. A man in a black coat
4. Flowers which smell sweet.
5. A plough drawn by an oxen.
6. A country which produces tea
7. A face as white as the moon. 
8. A girl whose hair is long.
KEY
Bài 1: 
beauty –> beautiful 
man –> manly
woman –> womanly 
girl –> girlish
gold –> golden 
cheer –> cheerful
care –> careful 
week –> weekly
month –> monthly 
sun –> sunny
rain –> rainy 
fog –> foggy
cloud –> cloudy 
help –> helpful
brave –> bravery 
wonder –> wonderful 
pain –> painful 
wood –> wooden
storm –> stormy 
boy –> boyish
Bài 2: 
1. A house with yellow walls = a yellow-walled house
2. A dress of the same blue as the sky = a blue sky dress
3. A man in a black coat = a black-coated man
4. Flowers which smell sweet = sweet-smelling flowers
5. A plough drawn by an oxen = an oxen drawn plough
6. A country which produces tea = a tea-producing country
7. A face as white as the moon = a moon-white face 
8. A girl whose hair is long = a long haired girl
Các cấp so sánh của tính từ
1. So sánh ngang bằng
– Công thức: as + adj + as
– Ví dụ: Lan is 16. I’m 16, too. Lan is as young as I.(Lan trẻ như tôi)
2. So sánh kém
– Công thức: not so/ not as + adj + as
– Ví dụ: Quang is 1.7 metres tall. Hung is 1.6 metres tall. Hung is not so tall as Quang.
(Hung không cao bằng Quang)
3. So sánh hơn 
– Công thức: Tính từ ngắn + er + than
More + tính từ dài + than
(tính từ ngắn là tính từ có một âm tiết, tình từ dài là tính từ có từ hai âm tiết trở lên)
– Ví dụ: My ruler is 5 cm long. Nam’s ruler is 7 cm long. 
–> My ruler is shorter than Nam’s.(thước kẻ của tôi nhắn hơn thước kẻ của Nam)
–> Nam’s ruler is longer than mine.
Nga is more beautiful than Hong.(Nga xinh hơn Hồng)
Chú ý: 
• Khi thêm “er” nhân đôi phụ âm cuối nếu trước nó là một nguyên âm.
Ví dụ: hot –> hotter
fat –> fatter
thin –> thinner
fit –> fitter
• Một số tính từ có hai âm tiết kết thúc bằng “et, ow, le, er,y” thì áp dụng qui tắc của tính từ ngắn
Ví dụ: quiet –> quieter 
clever –> cleverer
simple –> simpler
narrow –> narrower
• Không có dạng phủ định của so sánh hơn
A is taller than B –> B isn’t as tall as A
(không viết: B isn’t taller than A) 
4. So sánh cao nhất
– Công thức: The + tính từ ngắn + est
The + most + tính từ dài
– Ví dụ: This is the longest river in the world.(đây là con sông dài nhất trên thế giới)
She is the most beautiful girl in my class.(cô ấy là cô gái xinh nhất lớp tôi)
– Bốn cấu trúc viết lời bình phẩm:
That’s/ it’s + the + tính từ ngắn + est + noun + S + have/ has + ever + P2.
That’s/ it’s + the + most + tính từ dài + noun + S + have/ has + ever + P2.
Ví dụ: 
That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read.
That’s the longest bridge I’ve ever seen.
S + have/ has + P2 + a/any + tính từ ngắn + er + noun + than..
S + have/ has + P2 + a + more + tính từ dài + noun + than..
Ví dụ:
I’ve never read a more interesting book than this one.
I’ve never seen any/a longer bridge than this one.
– Giới từ ở cấp so sánh cao nhất:
+ in: đi với danh từ tổ, nhóm, nơi chỗ: in the group, in the company, in the world 
+ of: đi với danh từ chỉ thời gian: of the year, of the month, of one’s life
Ví dụ: Nam is the tallest boy in my class.
Birthday is the happiest day of my life.
Các tính từ bất quy tắc
Tính từ 
so sánh hơn 
so sánh cao nhất 
Good/well 
better 
the best 
Badly/bad/ill 
worse 
the worst
Little 
less
the least
Much/many 
more
the most
Far 
father/further 
the farther/furthest 
Chú ý: eldest, elder: chỉ anh trai, chị gái trong gia đình
older, oldest: là cấp so sánh hơn và cao nhất của “old”.
5. So sánh kép (càng.....càng....)
• Công thức 1: the comparative + S + Vthe comparative + S + V
Ví dụ: the more you learn, the more you know.(càng học bạn càng biết nhiều)
The sooner you start, the earlier you arrive. 
• Công thức 2: the more + S + V, the comparative + S + V
Ví dụ: the more you study, the smarter you will become.
The more exercises you do, the better you understand the lesson
• Trong trường hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có chủ ngữ giả 'it is' thì có thể bỏ chúng đi
The shorter (it is), the better (it is).
6. So sánh bội số
– So sánh bội số là so sánh: bằng nửa (half), gấp đôi (twice), gấp ba (three times),...
– Không được sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đếm được hay không đếm được, vì đằng trước chúng có many/much 
Ví dụ:
This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year. 
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.
Chú ý: Các lối nói: twice that many/twice that much = gấp đôi ngần ấy... chỉ được dùng trong khẩu ngữ, không được dùng trong văn viết.
We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showed up. (twice as many as that number).
Bài tập 1: Hoàn thành câu bằng dạng so sánh đúng của động từ trong ngoặc
1. Her daughter is .her (beautiful). 
2. Summer is..season of the year (hot)
3. That dog isn’t ..it looks (dangerous)
4. In the past, people were ..than today (polite)
5. It is ..today than it was yesterday (cold)
6. Our hotel was ..than all the others in the town (cheap)
7. What’s ..river in the world (long)
8. It was an awful day. It was .day of my life (bad)
9. Everest ismountain in the world. It is .than any other mountain (high)
10. I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s (comfortable)
Bài tập 2: Viết lại các câu sau bắt đầu bằng từ cho trước sao cho nghĩa không thay đồi.
1. This is the most delicious cake I’ve ever tasted.
–> I’ve..
2. I’ve never met any more dependable person than George.
–> George is
3. There isn’t anybody as kind-hearted as your mother.
–> Your mother is 
4. There is no better teacher in this school than Mr John.
–> Mr John is..
5. Have you got any bigger than that one?
–> Is this...?
KEY
Bài 1: 
1. Her daughter is as beautiful as her. 
2. Summer is the hottest season of the year.
3. That dog isn’t as dangerous as it looks.
4. In the past, people were more polite than today.
5. It is colder today than it was yesterday.
6. Our hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town.
7. What’s the longest river in the world.
8. It was an awful day. It was the worst day of my life.
9. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It is higher than any other mountain.
10. I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s more comfortable.
Bài 2: 
1. This is the most delicious cake I’ve ever tasted.
–> I’ve never tasted a more delicious cake than this one.
2. I’ve never met any more dependable person than George.
–> George is the most dependable person I’ve ever met.
3. There isn’t anybody as kind-hearted as your mother.
–> Your mother is more kind-hearted than anyone.
4. There is no better teacher in this school than Mr John.
–> Mr John is the best teacher in this school.
5. Have you got any bigger hat than that one?
–> Is this the smallest hat you’ve got?
Ngữ tính từ
Ngữ tính từ là cụm từ bao gồm một tính từ chính được bổ nghĩa bởi các thành phần đứng trước nó (gọi là pre-modifier) hoặc/và các thành phần đúng sau (gọi là post-modifier) 
Cấu trúc của ngữ tính từ: 
premodifier(s) 
ADJECTIVE 
postmodifier(s) 
– adverb (intensifier), e.g. very / perfectly / extremely
– adverb (viewpoint), e.g. technically / theoretically
– noun, e.g. sixteen feet / two kilometres 
good, nice, rich, happy, wide, bright, uncertain, possible, glad, busy, easier, worse, better 
– prepositional phrase, e.g. at maths, about this
– adverb: enough / indeed
– that-clause, e.g. that you’re careful
– to-infinitive clause, e.g. to hear from you
– ing-clause, e.g. handing out letters
– comparative clause, e.g. than they say
Ví dụ: Jim was extremely rich indeed.
She is good at maths.
We were confident that Karen was still alive.
Bob is sorry to hear it.
I’m busy getting the house redecorated.
It was easier than they say.
Chức năng của ngữ tính từ: 
– Bổ ngữ của chủ ngữ:
John was extremely rich indeed .
I’m busy handing out letters. 
– Bổ ngữ của tân ngữ:
He’s opening his mouth very wide.
Chú ý: khi có hai hay nhiều tính từ đi với nhau thì chúng đi theo trật tự như sau: 
Opinion + size + shape + age + color + origin + material + purpose 
Ví dụ: a tall young man
a small black plastic bag
a large old Russian wooden table
Bài tập: Sắp xếp tính từ trong ngoặc theo đúng trật tự trước danh từ.
1. Aunt Betty wants a coffee table. (stone, square, gray)
2. The king took a trip. (2-week, exhausting)
3. These are cookies! (chocolate chip, delicious, huge)
4. Alice prefers furniture. (leather, Italian, black)
5. Archeologists get very excited when they find bones. (animal, large, prehistoric)
Đáp án: 
1. Aunt Betty wants a square gray stone coffee table.
2. The king took an exhausting 2-week trip.
3. These are delicious huge chocolate chip cookies!
4. Alice prefers black Italian leather furniture.
5. Archeologists get very excited when they find large prehistoric animal bones.