120 bài luận mẫu Tiếng Anh - Phần 2
Belief which has no basis
1
in reason, is superstition. Superstition is the daughter of
Ignorance and Fear. The word literally means "standing still at" a thing in fear or awe.
In religion, superstition means irrational
2
fear of the mysterious, and reverence for
objects which are not proper objects of worship. Ignorant savages have no scientific
knowledge of what we call the forces of Nature; they think the sun and the moon, fire
and wind and water, are governed by supernatural
3
beings, who sometimes seem kind,
but more often terrible and cruel. These they fear and worship and try to propitiate with
offering and sacrifices and senseless rites. And their imagination peoples
5
the universe
with imaginary beings-demons, ghosts and fairies. As knowledge grows, superstition
dies; and to-day we laugh at such beliefs and fears, as at the follies of childhood. But
superstition dies slowly; and even in civilized countries to day, silly bits of superstition
still linger
6
. You still find people who think the number thirteen unlucky, who will not
walk under a ladder, who feel troubled if they upset the salt or see the new moon
through glass, and who do mot like starting a journey on a Friday gods
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øng roäng lôùn cuøng khoaûng khoâng gian thoaùng ñaõng. Nhaø cöûa ñöôïc thieát keá coù nhieàu khoâng khí vaø aùnh saùng. Tuy nhieân, raát khoù khi choïn phoá coå coù nhöõng con ñöôøng heïp, toái taêm cuøng nhöõng ngoâi nhaø ngoät ngaït toài taøn. Nhöng khi cô hoäi cho pheùp, tình traïng maát veä sinh ôû phoá xaù phaûi ñöôïc keùo xuoáng vaø ñöôøng phoá phaûi ñöôïc môû roäng. Toùm laïi, tình traïng veä sinh bao goàm vieäc caùch ly caùc caên beänh truyeàn nhieãm vaø vieäc tieâu ñoäc nhaø cöûa. TÖØ MÔÙI : 1. refuse /'refju:s/ (n) : ñoà boû ñi, pheá vaät, ñoà sa thaûi 2. infectious diseases /1n'fek~6s d1'zi:z/ (n) : nhöõng beänh truyeàn nhieãm 3. pestilence /'pest1l6ns/ (n) : beänh dòch, beänh löu haønh 4. to putrefy /'pju:tr1fa1/ (v) : muïc thoái 5. excrement /'ekskr1m6nt/ (n) : phaân (ngöôøi vaø suùc vaät) 6. epidemic /,ep1dem1k/ (n) : beänh truyeàn nhieãm (löu haønh) 7. enteric /'ent6rik/ (adj) : chöùng soát thöông haøn 8. earthly /'3:8li/ (adj) : cuûa traàn gian 9. to decimate /'des1me1t/ (v) : huûy dieät ñi moät phaàn 10. public health department /'p^bl1c hel8 d1'p@:m6nt/ (n) : ty veä sinh coâng coäng, ty y teá 11. hygienic /ha1'd2i:n1k/ (adj) : chæ veà veä sinh 12. incinerator /1n's1n6re1t6(r)/ (n): loø ñoát, loø thieâu 13. rubbish /'r^b1~/ (n) : raùc röôùi, pheá vaät 14. premises (pl) /'premisiz/ (n) : nhaø cöûa, phoøng oác 15. tainted /'te1nt1d/ (adj) : baån, bò dính baån 16. to confiscate /'k4nf1ske1t/ (v) : tòch thu, sung coâng 17. disinfecting /,d1s1n'fekt17/ (n) : vieäc saùt ñoäc tieâu ñoäc 120. THE DUTIES OF A CITIZEN TRAÙCH NHIEÄM COÂNG DAÂN OUTLINE 1. Definetion of a citizen. 2. Two views of a citizen's privileges1 and duties. 3. A citizen's duties : - (a) Loyalty. (b) Obedience to law. (c) Assistance to guardians of the law. (d) Intelligent interest in politics. (e) Public service. The word citizen has three shades of meaning. It may mean a town-dweller as distinguished from a villager : or, secondly, the member of a city, who has recognised municipal privileges and duties-as, a citizen of Manchester, or of Bombay ; or, lastly, it any mean the subject of a sovereign state2, in which sense we speak of an English citizen, or a French citizen. The first meaning may be left aside here ; for the subject is concerned with the second and third meanings only. What, then, are the duties of a citizen to his city and his country ? A citizen is the member of a community, whether that community is a town or a great country : and as the member of a community he has both privileges and duties. For we may think, of a community as existing for the sake of its individual members, or , the individual members as existing for the sake of the community. The first view, held by individualists3, emphasises the privileges of a citizenship ; the second view, held by socialists4, emphasises the duties of citizenship. One says, the State exists for the good of the citizen - and that is true ; the other says, the citizens exist for the good of the State - and that also is true. Both views must be combined and a citizen must recognize that the State he belongs to has a duty to him (his privileges) and that he has an obligation5 to it (his duties). However, as we are in no danger of forgetting our privileges as citizens, it is wise to emphasise our duties. The first obvious duty of a citizen is loyalty to the country of his birth or adoption. Patriotism does not mean "My country, right or wrong" ; but is does mean that in a national crisis or danger, a citizen must be prepared to support and defend his country even, if necessary with his life. Secondly, it is the duty of a citizen to obey his country's laws. He must have no sympathy with crime, which is a breach of law. He may consider some laws imperfect, unwise and even unjust ; and he may and should, use all condtitutional6 means in his power, such as public speaking , writing to the press, organisation, and the use of his vote,to get such laws reformed or abolished. But so long as a law is a law, he must obey it Thirdly, he must do more than keep the law himself he must, as occasion arises, actively assist the guardians of the law in the performance of their duty in putting down crimes and arresting criminals. Criminals must be made to feel that they have, not only the police, but also all respectable citizens against them. Fourthly, he ought to take an intelligent interest in politics ; for as a citizen he has a vote, and he is responsible for using that vote for the good of his country as a whole7. He must form definite opinions as to what is best for his country, and what men are the best to rule it, and what new laws and reforms it needs, and then actively use such influence as he has to forward8 such measures. Lastly, a citizen must be ready, if he has the ability and is called upon to do so, to render active voluntary service to his city or country, by serving on municipalities, education committees, and other public bodies, or even in the central legislature9. Good citizens have no right to leave the management of local or national institutions to professional politicians10. Töø coâng daân coù ba neùt nghóa. Noù coù theå coù nghóa laø ngöôøi daân thaønh phoá ñeå phaân bieät vôùi ngöôøi daân laøng. Thöù hai laø, ngöôøi soáng trong thaønh phoá nhaän thöùc ñaëc quyeàn cuøng boån phaän ñoái vôùi chính quyeàn ñòa phöông, cuõng nhö moät coâng daân cuûa Manchester hoaëc cuûa Banbay. Cuoái cuøng noù coù theå mang nghóa cuûa 1 quoác gia coù chuû quyeàn maø chuùng ta thöôøng noùi ñeán coâng daân Anh hay coâng daân Phaùp. Nghóa ñaàu tieân ñöôïc ñeå sang 1 beân. Vì chuû ñeà coù lieân quan ñeán nghóa thöù hai vaø thöù ba. Vaäy thì boån phaän cuûa ngöôøi coâng daân ñoái vôùi phoá phöôøng vaø ñaát nöôùc nhö theá naøo ! Coâng daân laø thaønh vieân cuûa coäng ñoàng, cho duø laø coäng ñoàng ñoù laø moät thaønh phoá hay moät ñaát nöôùc. Vaø vì laø thaønh vieân cuûa 1 coäng ñoàng anh ta coù hai quyeàn lôïi cuøng caùc boån phaän sau. Chuùng ta noùi ñeán taäp theå toàn taïi vì lôïi ích cuûa moãi moät thaønh vieân hay moãi thaønh vieân toàn taïi vì lôïi ích cuûa coäng ñoàng. Quan ñieåm ñaàu tieân, ñöùng treân quan ñieåm caù nhaân, nhaán maïnh ñeán quyeàn lôïi cuûa coâng daân. Quan ñieåm thöù hai theo quan ñieåm cuûa ngöôøi xaõ hoäi chuû nghóa, nhaán maïnh ñeán boån phaän coâng daân. Ngöôøi ta cho raèng ñaát nöôùc toàn taïi vì ñieàu toát ñeïp cho coâng daân. Ñuùng vaäy ! Coù ngöôøi noùi raèng caùc coâng daân soáng vì töông lai ñeïp ñeõ cuûa ñaát nöôùc. Ñieàu ñoù cuõng ñuùng. Caû hai quan ñieåm phaûi ñöôïc lieân keát, ñoàng thôøi ngöôøi coâng daân phaûi nhaän thöùc roõ raøng ñaát nöôùc maø anh leä thuoäc coù boån phaän ñoái vôùi anh (ñoái vôùi quyeàn lôïi cuûa anh) vaø raèng anh phaûi coù nghóa vuï ñoái vôùi ñaát nöôùc (boån phaän cuûa anh). Tuy nhieân, khi chuùng ta khoâng gaëp nguy hieåm chuùng ta thöôøng queân ñi quyeàn lôïi coâng daân cuûa chuùng ta. Caùch khoân ngoan laø phaûi nhaán maïnh ñeán boån phaän cuûa chuùng ta. Boån phaän, cuûa ngöôøi coâng daân tröôùc heát laø phaûi trung thaønh vôùi toå quoác, queâ höông. Chuû nghóa yeâu nöôùc khoâng coù nghóa raèng "ñaát nöôùc toâi". Nhöng noù thaät söï coù nghóa raèng trong tình traïng quoác gia khuûng hoaûng hay nguy ngaäp, ngöôøi coâng daân phaûi saün saøng xaû thaân baûo veä toå quoác, thaäm chí neáu caàn hy sinh caû cuoäc ñôøi mình. Thöù hai, boån phaän ngöôøi coâng daân phaûi tuaân theo luaät nöôùc. Anh ta khoâng ñoàong tình vôùi toäi voán vi phaïm phaùp luaät. Anh ta coù theå ít quan taâm ñeán moät soá ñieàu luaät, thieáu khoân ngoan vaø thieáu coâng baèng. Vaø anh ta neân söû duïng toaøn boä phöông tieän hieán phaùp trong khaû naêng quyeàn löïc cuûa anh ta nhö baøi dieãn thuyeát, vieát baùo, hay toå chöùc vaø duøng quyeàn baàu cöû, phaûi aùp duïng luaät môùi caûi caùch hay boû nhöõng luaät khoâng caàn thieát. Ñieàu thöù ba, coâng daân phaûi thöïc hieän nhieàu hôn luaät yeâu caàu. Khi ñieàu kieân pheùp, anh ta phaûi tích cöïc giuùp ngöôøi baûo veä phaùp luaät tröø khöû toäi aùc vaø baét giam toäi phaïm. Hoï phaûi chöùng toû cho toäi phaïm thaáy raèng hoï khoâng nhöõng laø caûnh saùt maø coøn laø ngöôøi coâng daân choáng toäi aùc ñaùng troïng. Ñieàu thöù tö, anh ta phaûi quan taâm nhaïy beùn veà chính trò. Vì raèng moãi coâng daân coù quyeàn baàu cöû vì töông lai toát ñeïp cho toå quoác. Anh ta phaûi xaùc laäp yù kieán roõ raøng ñieàu naøo ñem laïi ñieàu toát ñeïp nhaát cho ñaát nöôùc anh ta vaø ngöôøi naøo coù naêng löïc cai quaûn ñaát nöôùc gioûi nhaát. Ñoàng thôøi boä luaät môùi naøo cuøng hình thöùc caûi caùch naøo laø caàn thieát. Vaø sau ñoù anh ta neân tích cöïc duøng söùc aûnh höôûng nhaèm xuùc tieán caùc bieän phaùp treân. Toùm laïi, ngöôøi coâng daân phaûi saün saøng neáu anh ta coù khaû naêng vaø ñöôïc keâu goïi, haõy laøm ñi haàu ñaùp laïi baèng vieäc phuïc vuï tình nguyeän tích cöïc ñoái vôùi thaønh phoá hoaëc ñaát nöôùc mình, baèng vieäc phuïc vuï chính quyeàn ñòa phöông, caùc uûy ban giaùo duïc coâng daân toát khoâng coù quyeàn ñeå coâng vieäc quaûn lyù hoïc vieän quoác gia hay ñòa phöông cho caùc chính trò gia chuyeân nghieäp. TÖØ MÔÙI : 1. privilege /'pr1v6l1d2/ (n) : ñoäc quyeàn 2. sovereign state /'s4vr1n ste1t/ (n) : quoác gia coù chuû quyeàn 3. individualist /,1nd1v1d2$6l1st/ : ngöôøi theo caù nhaân chuû nghóa 4. socialist /s6$~6l1st/ (n) : ngöôøi theo xaõ hoäi chuû nghóa 5. obligation /,4bl1'9e1~n/ (n) : nghóa vuï, boån phaän 6. constitutional /,k4nst1'tju:~enl/ (adj) : veà hieán phaùp, phaùp trò 7. as a whole : toaøn theå, toaøn boä 8. to forward /f0:w6d/ (v) : xuùc tieán 9. central legislature /'sent6 'led21sle1t~6/ (n) : vieän laäp phaùp trung öông, nghò vieän 10. professional politician /pr6'fe~6nl ,p4l1't1~n/ (n) : chính trò gia chuyeân nghieäp
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