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orms.
 (B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.
(D) They are no longer in existence.
23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change?
Temperature changes
Availability of food resources
Introduction of new species
Competition among species
24. The word “demise” in line 12 is closest in meaning to 
 (A) change 
 (B) recovery 
 (C) help
 (D) death
25. Why is “ plankton” mentioned in line 17?
 (A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species
 (B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.
 (C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the ocean
 (D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.
26. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that 
(A) extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth’s history.
(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive
(C) there has been only one mass extinction in Earth’s history.
(D) dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.
27. The word “finding” in line 20 is closest in meaning to 
(A) published information
(B) research method 
(C) ongoing experiment
(D) scientific discovery
28. Which of the following can be in
(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it 
(B) evidence to support the theory has recently been found.
(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.
(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.
29. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species’ survival?
(A) It reflects the interrelationship of may species.
(B) It may depend on chance events.
(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species
(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.
30. According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred
 (A) 26 million years ago
 (B) 65 million years ago
 (C) 225 million years ago
 (D) 250 million years ago
Question 30-40
 Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat
Than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move,
Heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is 
Line Moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in 
(5) the form of latent heat. The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to 
Convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove,
it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature. 
We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster 
than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change 
(10) liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat—supplied by the stove in the first case
and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the 
atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will
condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.
 In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate 
(15) Water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion 
of the Sun’s energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the 
globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 
30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it 
can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it 
(20) can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds
and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.
31. The passage mainly discusses how heat 
is transformed and transported in the Earth’s atmosphere
is transported by ocean currents
can be measured and analyzed by scientists
moves about the Earth’s equator
32. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth’s polar regions in which of the following ways?
The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere
The amount of heat they receive from the Sun
The strength of their largescale winds.
The strength of their oceanic currents
33. The word “convert” line 6 is closest in meaning to 
mix
change
adapt
reduce
34. Why does the author mention “the stove” in line 10?
To describe the heat of the Sun
To illustrate how water vapor is stored
To show how energy is stored
To give an example of a heat source
35. According to the passage, most ocean water evaporation occurs especially 
around the higher latitudes
in the tropics
because of large-scale winds
because of strong ocean currents
36. According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy
is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes
is transported by ocean currents
never leaves the upper atmosphere
gets stored as latent heat
37. The word “it” in line 18 refers to 
square meter
the Sun’s energy
latent heat
the atmosphere
38. The word “primarily” in line 19 is closest in meaning to 
chiefly
originally
basically
clearly
39. The word “prevailing” in line 19 is closest in meaning to 
essential
dominant
circular
closest
40. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT
low latitudes (line1)
latent heat (line5)
evaporate (line7)
atmosphere (line140)
Question 41-50
 The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a
striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark 
lowlands) and the terrace( bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability
of reflecting light ) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two
(5) terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by 
missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences
between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the 
highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are 
completely covered by large craters( greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters 
(10) of the maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’s
craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
 Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic
pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve
objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of 
(15) craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the 
understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the 
solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array
of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular maria were
(20) seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. Although various land forms
were catalogued, the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their 
origins.
 Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as
they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively 
(25) simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain,
smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions
Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon
The origin of the Moon’s craters
Techniques used to catalogue the Moon’s land forms
42. The word ”undergone” in line1 is closest in meaning to 
altered
substituted
experienced
preserved
43. According to the passage, the maria differ from the terrace mainly in terms of 
age
manner of creation
size
composition
44. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?
They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon’s surface.
They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon’s craters were incorrect.
They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon’s surface.
They were unable to identify how the Moon’s craters were made.
45. The word ”vast” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) special
(B) known
(C) varied
(D) great
46. All of the following are true of the maria EXCEPT:
They have small craters.
They have been analyzed by astronomers.
They have a rough texture.
They tend to be darker than the terrace.
47. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT
Moon (line1)
reflectivity(line3)
regolith(line16)
rays(line19)
48. The author mentions “wispy marks” in line 19 as an example of 
an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions
a characteristic of large craters
a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes
features that astronomers observed to be common to Earth and the Moon
49. According to the passage, lunar researchers have ocused mostly on 
the possibility of finding water on the Moon
the lunar regolith
cataloging various land formations
craters and their origins
50. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
the reasons craters are difficult to study
the different shapes small craters can have
some features of large craters
some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed
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